The relationship of ethical climate Research Paper

The relationship of moral atmosphere - Research Paper Example The wars battled to be a ruler, the fights between different ideological groups, the contention for turning into the head of office and the exceptional rivalry to turn into the CEO represents the intrinsic extravagant people have for Control ,order and to have enormous clout to steer individuals. This errand is anyway not a bit of cake, while driving and overseeing individuals an individual isn't simply directing a subordinate or a sub-par. On the off chance that we place ourselves in the shoes of an administrator or a more significant position authority, it would be a simple derivation that one needs to handle a generous cluster of various ‘’psychological’’ leads and needs to handle the limitless emotional episodes now and again. There are a few wrongs connected with management especially in associations, the most slippery to deal with is the difficult workers. This extraordinary tribe of individuals makes issues falling in an either irrelevant class or an enormous gathering that impels the business to make some basic move in a split second. For example there are various reasons a representative can persuade a business to see them out: Insubordination, robbery, overabundance unlucky deficiencies and lateness and so on (J, 2006). The high turnover of the representatives duplicates the difficulties for the management.â Therefore the businesses chalk out different techniques to address the abnormal activities or essentially settle on the end approach. Be that as it may, the worker turnover can hurt the general profitability and is regularly a side effect of different troubles. (J, 2006).â ... There are a few wrongs connected with oversight especially in associations, the most misleading to deal with is the difficult workers. This exceptional faction of individuals makes issues falling in an either insignificant class or a gigantic gathering that impels the business to make some basic move immediately. For example there are various reasons a representative can inspire a business to see them out: Insubordination, burglary, overabundance nonappearances and lateness and so forth (J, 2006). The high turnover of the workers increases the difficulties for the administration. In this manner the businesses chalk out different techniques to address the abnormal activities or basically select the end approach. In any case, the worker turnover can hurt the general efficiency and is regularly a manifestation of different challenges. Different expenses of turnover are related with choosing, arranging and preparing new laborers (Billikopf, 2003). So the more beneficial option is to make some on-work methods and remedial estimates that can improve the working feel. Subtleties: Around the world the administrators and authorities are attempting to deal with the deviations of their risky subordinates. There are various techniques that are chalked out by individuals to coordinate the difficulty makers. For example showdown, 360 degrees input, end, ecological redesigning and enlargement in motivations are the couple of things that are normally drilled to adapt the negative mentalities. Be that as it may, if certain sociological hypotheses of abnormality are considered significantly they depict another side of the image. As in the ‘’labeling theory’’ states that the aberrance is socially developed procedure in

Inevitable Torture essays

Inescapable Torture articles On the off chance that he won't different wayes confesse, the gentler tortours are to be first usid unto him et sic per gradus promotion ima tenditur, (etc bit by bit to the most serious) thus god spede youre goode worke (London). In this dim time, the medieval world was occupied with teaching a practically anarchic culture. With visit and created charges of apostasy and heresy, individuals picked up the desire for blood and mercilessness. The Medieval Inquisition can be fundamentally accused for all the abuse and torment. It ventured to such an extreme as to approve a controlled type of torment in cross examinations. It immediately became wild and numerous individuals were influenced by some technique for torment or unyielding passing. Consistently, human life was getting less significant. Torment was unavoidable; it was brought upon by analysis and fraudulent allegations of one being a blasphemer. Being blamed for apostasy was characterized as a purposeful disavowal of an article of truth of the Catholic confidence (Medieval). Apostasy was a huge emergency in the Middle Ages on the grounds that numerous individuals were not consistent with their holy promises (Inquisition). It was the activity of the ministers to examine sin (Inquisition). As time went ahead, apostasy at long last should have been quelled, and by request of Pope Gregory IX, the Medieval Inquisition was founded in 1231 (Medieval). This Inquisition was established so as to rebuff apostates and guard the general public (Inquisition). It was not until 1233 that the Inquisition was a general organization acknowledged by the vast majority of Europe (Medieval). The reason for struggle during the hour of the Inquisition was the social acknowledgment that an apostate was a danger to mankind (Inquisition). An a postate was detested in excess of a criminal by the townspeople since the person in question was viewed as slaughtering their own spirits and the spirits of honest ones (Medieval). As the Inquisition continued, increasingly more it got dependent on a carefully strict request. The Po... <!

Leisure Dimensions Essay Example for Free

Recreation Dimensions Essay Proposition Statement: The connection among relaxation and the effects is has on psychological well-being, displays solid relationships. This subject of intrigue has been read for a long time and there is critical proof to help the possibility that recreation, regardless of whether it be using work, play, self-care or rest (Crist, Davis Coffin, 2000) impacts emphatically, on ones psychological well-being. The proceeded with significance of recreation, as a significant space of life has been broadly examined and researched to help with giving many finishing up articulations concerning how people of today can profit by such exercises. I have concentrated principally on the impacts which recreation has on ones emotional wellness, and how using such relaxation exercises, they can reestablish their psychological limit and work, and participate in similar exercises they used to with a similar conviction and trust in themselves. The under-lying, and most basic confidence in the advancement of word related treatment, is keeping up the equalization of work, play/relaxation, self-care and rest, as these are the establishments for a solid way of life Crist et al (2000). In 1977, Kielhofner named the sound parity of exercises as â€Å"temporal adaptation†. He conjectured that the transient adjustment is accomplished through the interrelationship among the (I) measure of time occupied with specific kinds of exercises, (ii) members perspective on the significance of the exercises (iii) members view of ability in playing out the exercises and (iv) how much fulfillment they get from their picked exercises. When examining instances of what is viewed as a sound adjustment, the exercises are expected to give a feeling of profitability and achievement, which are basically gotten from the individual’s discernment, Crist et al (2000). Kielhofner’s Model of Human Occupation analyzes how the inspiration, execution and association of word related conduct are displayed in day by day life. This model contains a habituation subsystem, which is comprised of two parts; jobs and propensities, which serve to keep up word related conduct, Crist et al (2000). As indicated by Kielhofner (1997) propensities act to arrange word related conduct by a) directing how time is commonly utilized, b) impacting how one performs schedules, and c) creating styles of conduct. He proceeds to clarify that jobs not just impact the way and substance of the associations yet in addition require routine assignments and isolating day by day and week after week cycles into times, Crist et al (2000). The interlacing of the propensities and jobs in every day life therefore structure routine conduct. Restricting this, word related brokenness happens when an individual has a constrained ability to pick or perform occupations. Kleiber, Larson Csikszentmihalyi (1986) saw during an investigation of US grown-ups how they invest their energy. It was reasoned that by and large, 30% of the day was spent resting, 10% in self-care, and 10% in instrumental exercises. From the individuals who were profitably utilized, work took up 25% of their day. The staying 30% stays as optional time. While this examination gives knowledge into word related examples, the apparent importance and noteworthiness of connecting with these examples isn't obvious, Crist et al (2000). Crist et al (2000) expressed that the work job is a word related factor that emphatically impacts the equalization and association of word related conduct. Christiansen Baum (1997) characterized fill in as an expertise or execution in partaking in socially intentional, and gainful exercises, regardless of whether the individual gets financial pay. These exercises can occur at home, in a work setting, school or a network. As per Kielhofner (1977), work jobs, both beneficial and non-profitable, make a requirement for the association of every day exercises. Work exercises offer the chance to increase a feeling of fulfillment, fitness and inclusion and in our general public; the most obvious and profoundly esteemed work jobs are those, which are classified as productive business, Crist et al (2000). Psychological wellness status is another factor that can impact transient adjustment (Larson, 1990). Those people, who are viewed as inside a solid range with respect to their emotional well-being, can effectively satisfy the needs of their way of life and play out these exercises. A person, who presents a dysfunctional behavior, may even now have the option to play out their work job, anyway they may show trouble in playing out an assortment of undertakings, which will thus impact their ability and therefore impact the satisfaction they would normally escape the relegated assignments, Crist et al (2000). Business and psychological well-being status might be identified with one another while breaking down their impacts on fleeting adjustment; be that as it may, the kinds of work and seriousness of the emotional well-being issues will at last decide the extent of the outcomes. Relaxation benefits wellbeing by buffering individuals against individual pressure created by life conditions. There are two significant go betweens, which decide the impact of recreation on the pressure wellbeing relationship, relaxation based social help and relaxation produced self-assurance (Coleman and Iso-Ahola, 1993) There has been broad proof to recommend that unpleasant life conditions initiate physical and dysfunctional behavior; notwithstanding, this effect has been demonstrated to be directed by different procedures including relaxation interest. As per Caldwell Smith (1988), relaxation is accepted to have useful ramifications for mental prosperity and wellbeing. They have likewise recommended that relaxation exercises impact wellbeing by advancing positive temperaments. In this manner, it very well may be said that recreation may help conquer dejection and result in impacting people prosperity, (Coleman et al, 1993). Contrasting life occasions, and all the more so those of negative meanings, for example, losing a vocation, have been appeared to prompt a higher occurrence of disease, for example, gloom (Thoits, 1983). In saying this, the social and mental elements affecting on wellbeing is in effect progressively examined as far as the idea of â€Å"life stress†. As per Sarason (1981), life stress can be viewed as a mental state including the subjective evaluation of life occasions and of one’s failure to manage them. A case of this is if there was a passing of a close relative and this could thusly cause shifting degrees of stress. It should anyway be recalled that it is because of the people view of life occasions which have been the most fundamental snippet of data while anticipating the ailment results, (Coleman et al, 1993). At the point when life issues, for example, the one tended to above happen, it is the normal sense to look for help to reduce the pressure. This can happen using evasion, getting backing and critical thinking, (Coleman et al, 1993). These adapting procedures are accepted to direct the effect of life issues on wellbeing in two principle ways. Coleman et al, (1993) express that at first, the individual’s convictions and auras may prompt an evaluation of life issues as non-undermining. Also, besides, by improving the people endeavors can add to reducing pressure that streams from these life issues before it influences wellbeing. The individuals who are experiencing life issues would look for help through these methods for dealing with stress; be that as it may, the individuals who lives are moderately â€Å"stress free† would not profit. In analytic terms this adapting is alluded to as a â€Å"interaction† between the existence stress and the adapting factor, (Coleman et al, 1993). This procedure can be related with a general impact, which is spoken to by â€Å"main effect† and shows that social variables do in reality impact wellbeing, paying little heed to the degree of stress. As per Coleman et al, (1993) these methods for dealing with stress are in this way said to give a cushion against extreme life emergencies, as opposed to having a general effect on wellbeing. This finding gives the end that relaxation impacts wellbeing by giving buffering instruments that become an integral factor when life presents critical issues, (Caldwell et al, 1988). On the other hand to this, the effect of relaxation when life stress is low is less advantageous for the time being. Be that as it may, over the long haul, recreation is guessed to add to wellbeing by building wellbeing advancing airs, for example, self-assurance (Coleman et al, 1993). While investigating the connections between relaxation interest and wellbeing, Caltabino’s study shows entrancing discoveries. Caltabino concentrated on the collaborations between life stress and the cooperation in social, social and wearing exercises and he inferred that they were completely connected with ailment symptomatology (Caldwell, 1988). From the numerous investigations led encompassing the interest levels and the immediate impact they have on wellbeing, it tends to be reasoned that individuals partake in recreation exercises to increase a feeling of fellowship which thus prompts a belief system that they will increase social help if increasingly extreme instances of life emergencies should introduce themselves (Coleman, 1993). Moreover, Coleman et al, (1993) states that this relaxation may cushion the existence stress in light of the fact that constant commitment in certain kinds of recreation encounters may cultivate individual manners joining self-assurance, including a feeling of control and authority. Caldwell (2005) addresses and intriguing hypothesis that relaxation is helpful and contributes fundamentally to ones wellbeing. There is existing writing on this thought, which can additionally be sorted out into three classes of research: anticipation of, adapting to, and rising above negative life occasions. It is from here that recreation can get gainful and assist individuals with pushing ahead regarding their wellbeing. In light of crafted by Antonovsky (1979), the view taken here is that wellbeing is

Child Protection - 2200 Words

Child Protection (Essay Sample) Content: Serious Case Study Review Report for Child Protection Safeguarding Name Institution Serious Case Study Review Report of Child Protection Safeguarding Introduction Following the death of Daniel Pelka, a 4 years old child to an immigrant family, the Serious Case Review (SCR) was commissioned immediately to investigate into the cause and the circumstance under which Pelka died. Pelka and his family were immigrants from Poland and lived in Coventry, UK. At the time of his death he was the middle child of Ms. Magdalena Luczak, and Mr. Krezolek a father of Adam, the youngest sibling, and an older sibling named Anna. At the time of his death in the year 2012, Pelka was 4 years and 8months old. The mysterious circumstances under which Pelka died showed that during the time he lived with his parents he was undergoing some severe suffering abuse and neglect by both his parents over a long period of time (Armitage, 2014, p.305). Observation made on his body established that, the 4 year old deceased boy, to have been malnourished as well as suffering from acute subdural haematoma on the right side of his head. Further examinations on his body indicated appearance of some bruises close to the ear that led to a conclusion that Pelka was being abused by either of the parents or both. Later, pathological examinations also ascertain the existence of older mild subdural haematoma of long duration of time, probably either some months or years extent. After presentation of evidence against the parents of Pelka at the criminal trial, showing details of negligence and physical abuse the deceased suffered from, Ms. Luczak and Mr. Krezolek were charged with murder (Waterhouse et al., 2015 p. 123). The evidence presented in the court further showed that Pelka was often locked in sparsely furnished room in various occasions as a way of punishment by the parents (Smith, 2015 p.54). However, if abuse or negligence is supposed to be the major factor of a child's death, this will require the Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) to perform a SCR into the contributions of organizations and professionals in the lives of the children and their families. Background information Daniel Pelka's father, Mr. Pelka migrated with his family into UK from Poland at the end of 2005, where he stayed with the family till the end of 2008. During this time Anna, the older sibling, was around three and half years old while Daniel was about a year. Investigations showed that between late 2008 to mid-2010 another male partner lived in the home with Ms. Luczak after her divorce with Mr. Pelka. Shortly after, Ms. Luczak found another partner Mr. Krezolek who she lived with until the unfortunate death of Pelka. Mr. Krezolek became the father of Adam who was the youngest sibling of Pelka. Mr. Krezolek was ex-soldier who migrated to UK from Poland while Ms. Luczak was a housewife, both who were a drug addict victims. The family members, including the various partners of Ms. Luczak were of polish nationality who moved to UK as immigrants. However, none of the family members of Daniel had English as their first language. The family were Christians and were believed to be Catholics. Daniel was born on 15th July 2007, was the son to Ms. Luczak and Mr. Pelka. The first new birth visit was made by the health visitors where he and her sister were seen together. Ann began her school in September 2010 while Daniel started attending for his elementary education at Little Health Primary School in September 2011. Daniel and his older siblings had good medical background until when his parents started abusing and neglecting him. For instance, report given by the deceased consultant pediatrician pointed out that Daniel weighed 14.8kgs during his first visit whereas immediately before he died he weighed about 4kgs less. Furthermore, the investigations indicated that the health of both adults in the family were not encouraging mainly characterized by frequent use of drugs and consumption of alcoholic drinks. The situation occasionally motivated the domestic violence and child abuse that often witnessed in the family even when Mr. Pelka was still with Ms. Luczak. The family of Mr. Pelka was faced by challenges ranging from domestic violence, neglect and abuse. The first incident of domestic abuse occurred in November 2006 between Mr. Pelka and Ms. Luczak. The incident which involved Ms. Luczak threatening Mr. Pelka with a knife after a disagreement between the two parents (Taylor et al., 2014 p.114). Another incident of domestic violence and abuse occurred on 16th December 2007 where both parents were drunk and afterwards engaged themselves in fight. The family of Pelka was not that financially well-off. For instance Ms. Luczak becomes pregnant she receives a referral from the Children Learning and Young People Directorate (CLYP) this was because she lacked money in her household, the family as well had pending eviction case with some history in domestic violence and abuse. The frequent use of drugs such as alcohol was also a good indication that the family was facing stress related problems in their life to an extent of engaging in domestic violence and drug abuse. Pelka's family was known by the outside agencies during their stay in Coventry. The first agencies to encounter the family was Coventry police department when Mr. Pelka and Ms. Luczak were involved in a domestic violence after drinking two bottles of vodka (Roberts, 2014 p. 451). The police later informed the CLYP and health visitors of the incident after which a notification of the same was recorded to have been received. Some of the other agencies that knew the family's unfortunate events included Children Social Care and Coventry City Council who were often notified of the domestic violence that frequently occurred in Mr. Pelka's family. The school was another agency that information about the abuse of Daniel went through due to neglect and molestation. As result of starvation Daniel was often found stealing food from other pupils and picking remnants of food in dustbins within the school compound. In the SCR some of the agencies involved in the case that could provide Individual Management Reviews included: * Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Partnership Trust, * University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust * West Midlands Police * NHS Coventry City Council-Children Learning and Young People Directorate (CLYP) * NHS Coventry/NHS Warckshires Investigation or events leading to the death of Daniel Safeguarding a child is the protection of a child from abuse and maltreatment of adults and other children. The act of safeguarding a child entails preventing harm that might affect a child's health and ensuring the child grows up in moral way through effective care. Child protection is the act of keeping children from violence, abuse and neglect (Chudleigh, 2005, p. 45). Some of the major events outlined that led Daniel's death are: * School concern about Daniel's "Obsession" with food Concerns about the situation of Daniel's well-being and health from school in the autumn of 2011. Even though, these were not linked to the domestic abuse from home because they were not actually aware of the situation at home (Hartill Lang, 2014 p. 143). At around mid of the autumn through the term that the issue was brought to the Head teacher's attention that Daniel was often found eating too much amount of food. The behaviour included taking food of other children and eating it secretively. Therefore, the initial response of the school administration to the matter involved locking the food away with a thought that the problem was medical issue. However, some teaching staff members were concerned about Daniel being hungry and their response to the concern was that Ms. Luczak was the source of his problems. Furthermore, the quality of mother-child relationship played a major role in Daniel's problems. Daniel's loss of weight was a great concern since he appeared to be growing thin and wasting away so fast. * The Paediatric Assessment-10th February 2012 At the time of Daniel's hospital admission in early January 2011, he weighed 14.8 kg, however, when he was weighed thirteen months later by the same paediatrician. He claimed that Daniel's weight had reduced by a kilogram while the true interpretation he had lost 4kgs. The examination was contrary to the expectation of people concerned since it was expected that his weight was supposed to indicate an increase in growth and development. A precise understanding of the weight loss should have actually raised concern to the medical fraternity, especially since there was conflicting issues between excessive eating habits characterized with weight loss. Even though, Daniel's height was measured during his visit to the Paediatric but there was no records of his Body Mass Index (BMI) which would have been useful in monitoring Daniel's well-being. The appointment that Daniel had with the paediatrician was subsequently an important opportunity to address the problem faced by Daniel. * Injuries to Daniel noticed by school staff Of notable concern during Daniel's period at school, the teachers noticed injuries on him. The lack of concern and recording of the issues in the school book while they were only put in the reception class book. It was therefore apparent that the school lacked clarity about when Daniel exactly got injuries and how they could respond to them (Baginsky, 2008, p. 456). With the growing concerns by the school about his obsession to seek out food, associated with poor growth and the possible weight loss, this was surprising and of great concern since the injuries inflicted on him were not linked to these concerns (Holland et al., 2011 p. 407). Possible identified failures leading to Daniel's ...

How College Students (and Grads) Can Gain Strategic Thinking Skills

Strategic thinking ranks high on almost every employer’s list of desirable traits. For example, recruiters in a Bloomberg Business report ranked strategic thinking as the 4th most important trait - but also one of the hardest skills to find in job applicants. In a Robert Half Management survey, 86% of CFOs considered the ability to think strategically to be important – with 30% listing it as â€Å"mandatory,† and 56% stating that it was â€Å"nice to have.† Unfortunately, the Robert Half survey also revealed that only 46% of employers provide any type of professional development. So, college students – and employees – need to take the initiative to develop these skills on their own. What is strategic thinking? The definition of strategic thinking may vary based on the person providing the explanation, but in its broadest sense, the term refers to the ability to identify critical situations, analytically and creatively evaluate relevant information, and determine the consequences of choosing a particular action. Dr. A.J. Marsden, an assistant professor of psychology and human services at Beacon College in Leesburg, Fla, tell ThoughtCo, â€Å"Generally speaking, strategic thinking is a cognitive process in which individuals think about, assess, view, and achieve success in their own and others’ lives.† She adds, â€Å"It is knowing how to assess a situation and pick the best option.† In a workplace setting, strategic thinking can help companies focus on what’s important. DeLynn Senna is the executive director of Robert Half Finance Accounting, and the author of a blog post on boosting strategic thinking skills. Senna tells ThoughtCo, â€Å"Strategic thinking involves finding ways to help the business prosper and going beyond the task level.† While some people erroneously assume that management and senior executives are responsible for critical thinking, Senna says, â€Å"It’s something that can impact every level of an organization, and is important for those entering the working world to develop early in their careers.† However, there’s more than just one component to strategic thinking. According to Blake Woolsey, executive vice president of the Mitchell PR firm, there are 8 characteristics that separate strategic thinkers from nonstrategic thinkers: Future-based vs. reactiveCurious vs. isolatedLong-term focus vs. short-term focusWilling to take risks vs. cautiousAble to prioritize vs. unable to prioritizeNimble vs. inflexibleLife-long learner vs. satisfiedCreative vs. predictable    Why strategic thinking is so important This trait helps individuals make better decisions so they can be successful on a personal and professional level. â€Å"Strategic thinking helps individuals focus, prioritize, and be more proactive in addressing specific issues and situations,† Marsden explains. â€Å"The main advantage to strategic thinking is that it helps people achieve their goals more quickly and efficiently -  it focuses on problem solving and creating a clear path to your goal.† Voltaire, the great French philosopher, once said, â€Å"Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers. Strategic thinking also includes the ability to ask the right questions. Dr. Linda Henman, author of â€Å"Challenge the Ordinary,† and â€Å"How to Move Beyond Indecision and Good Intentions,† tells ThoughCo, â€Å"When we start with ‘what’ and ‘why,’ we can get to the core of the issue we need to discuss or the problem we need to solve.† However, she believes that starting with the â€Å"how† question can lead to being distracted by methods.   And using the what/why principle, Henman says there are five specific advantages of strategic thinking: Strategic thinking helps us zero in on the critical few as we put aside the trivial many.Strategic thinking helps us keep a global perspective, which in turn, leads to dispassionate, logical thinking, not emotional reactions.When we think strategically, we see patterns and anticipate consequences.We can prioritize better when we think strategically.Strategy keeps us focused on the future, not the present or past. It’s easy to see why companies want employees with these skills. An organization is only as good as its employees, and it needs workers with the ability to make a significant impact. â€Å"Employers want big-picture thinkers with strong business acumen,† Senna says. â€Å"Hiring managers look for professionals who can use their expertise to develop and execute strategies and projects to help the business grow, increase profits, and maintain costs.†    How to develop strategic thinking skills Fortunately, strategic thinking skills can be developed, and there are a variety of settings and situations that provide opportunities for growth in this area. Senna offers the following tips: Volunteer to lead a project team, including one with colleagues from other departments. This can help you gain diverse perspectives and exposure to different problem-solving techniques.Look for training opportunities offered by your company, an external organization, or even a college class or webinar on the subject. Professional industry associations can be a good place to start to find this.Pair up with a mentor who can walk you through different decision-making processes and help you present your ideas to department leaders. This step can be especially valuable for those launching their careers.Tap the power of data. Learn how to turn business intelligence into actionable recommendations for the business. Marsden includes four additional tips: Be proactive about researching and gathering information that will help you make decisions in the future.   Read journals and articles that will help you be more informed. And when you don’t fully understand something, ask questions.  Constantly question your own opinions.  How did they form? What influences them? Are they logical? Be open-minded to the opinions of others.Learn how to embrace conflict and how to use it to come up with a creative solution.   Surround yourself with people who have different worldviews. This gives you (and them) an opportunity to learn from each other.Be sure to take cognitive breaks and allow your brain to rest.  Take time off for a brain break and put yourself in a different type of environment. This will help you develop perspective.

Free Will vs Determinism Essay - 1396 Words

PHIL 110 Essay #2 February 15, 2010 GTF: Emma Jones Free Will vs. Determinism The argument of whether we humans are pre determined to turn out how we are and act the way we do or if we are our own decision makers and have the freedom to choose our paths in life is a long-standing controversy. The ideas of Sartre, Freud, and Darwin are each strong in their own manner, yet Sartre presents the best and most realistic argument as to how we choose our path; we are in control of the things we do and responsible for the decisions we make. Not only this, but also, our decisions have an effect on our peer’s choices, just as theirs affect ours. In this paper, I will argue that Jean-Paul Sartre makes the best argument of the three philosophers†¦show more content†¦Our freedom to choose what we do and our consciousness are directly related; therefore, we make each of our choices for a reason. With each and every decision we make in our lives, we are shaping our purpose and our meaning, but in making our own choices, we have to take on the responsibilities that come with that power. Every individual needs to be accountable for his own actions. Sartre explains in his exposition, â€Å"I cannot obtain any truth whatsoever about myself, except through the mediation of another† (199). This is saying that we need others to help us form our own decisions create and image of how we are to be perceived. It is our responsibility to establish our own value and make the best choices for us and our peers. Sartre goes on to argue, â€Å"When we say that man is responsible for himself, we do not mean that he is responsible only for his own individuality, but that he is responsible for all men† (188). As individuals part of a larger group of humans, we must come to the understanding that all of our choices will affect our peers and have an impact on the decisions they will choose to make which in return affect us. Many people turn to a higher power to pawn off responsibility for their actions. For example, acts of terrorism are often blamed on a higher power â€Å"speaking† to the group of terrorists telling them to do this, however, this higher power does not exist and the responsibility is completely on the individuals. Our choices and actionsShow MoreRelatedFree Will vs. Determinism Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfierce-looking meatloaf, so you decide to go with pizza. So was your decision based off of free will or was this decision predetermined? To fully understand whether your actions resulted from free will or determinism, we must first define each. Determinism is the idea that everything happens due to a cause or a determinant, which is something that can be observed or measured. To put it simply, determinism does not mean that the future can be predicted. Rather, it is a prediction of the possible outcomesRead More Free Will Vs. Deter minism Essay2770 Words   |  12 PagesFree Will Vs. Determinism I. Determinism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before one can properly evaluate the entire debate that enshrouds the Free Will/Determinism, each term must have a meaning, but before we explore the meaning of each term, we must give a general definition. Determinism is, Everything that happens is caused to happen. (Clifford Williams. Free Will and Determinism: A Dialogue pg 3). This is the position that Daniel, a character in Williams’ dialogue, chooses to believe and defend. David HumeRead MoreFree Will vs. Determinism Essay1951 Words   |  8 PagesFree Will vs. Determinism Society walks about day-by-day living their lives and never really thinking or breaking down how their day unfolds or why it plays out the way it does. Some people have said that individuals have a choice and are able to decide on where their day goes. Others on the other hand would argue this assessment and state that your day and your life as whole are all pre determined. The different is free will vs. determinism. Do you believe we live in a free will world or hasRead MoreDeterminism vs. Free Will in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pages233/Section 09 Professor Carbonell Â…but she dont seem to mind at all. Reckon dey understand one ‘nother. A womans search for her own free will to escape the chains of other people in Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. In the continuing philosophical debate of free will versus determinism, the question arises as to whether or not free will exists. Do people really have the capability of making decisions on their own? OR Is life already determined, and whatever we do is (andRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King1387 Words   |  6 PagesAs I stated in a previous essay, Oedipus The King is a play by Sophocles which belongs to the genre of tragedy and focuses on a man named Oedipus, king of a place called Thebes, and his efforts to put an end to a plague that has devastated the city. He believes that in order to put an end to the plague, he must find the man that murdered the previous king of Thebes; a man by the name of Laius (Sophocles pg.8-10). Prophecy plays an important role in this play and as Oedipus’ investigation progressesRead MoreBehaviorism To Teach Human Behaviors. Author’S Name. Institutional981 Words   |  4 PagesThe paper discusses the various problems encountered while employing the concept of behaviorism to teach human behaviors. The concept of free will and its relation with behaviorism is deliberated and their differences are highlighted. Determinism and Reductionism concepts are linked with each other and their differences and relationship with behaviorism and free will is examined. Skinner’s views of society and his perspective on learning theory and his ideas on behaviorism are mentioned. Read MoreFree Will vs Determinism in A Clockwork Orange, by Anthony Burgess1208 Words   |  5 Pagesmurder, Alex volunteers for a procedure - offered by the government - to condition his aggressive behavior. What he endures under the government’s treatment, essentially, strips him from any sense of choice or free-will, rendering him a helpless, mechanical slave to this society. This sense of free-will, an opportunity to make a choice between good and evil, is an essential part of humanity...but controlling the freedom of choice is the true key to this idea. So how does this affect and influence Alex’sRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1526 Words   |  7 Pagesother’s throats: Free will versus determinism. Scientist believe they have proven that free will is a mere illusion. Philosophers think other wise. With many experiments and arguments included, both have a different view about this topic. One who believes that all thing, including human behavior, are alre ady determined are people who believe in determinism. Others who believe in free will, believe that our actions are caused by free will and are not controlled. Believing in free will means that people’sRead MoreBaron dHolbach and William James on Free Will and Determinism1192 Words   |  5 PagesBaron dHolbach and William James on Free Will and Determinism 3. Discuss the issue between Baron dHolbach and William James on free will and determinism? Before we can discuss the issue between Baron dHolbach and William James we have to know the definitions of the items the issue is about. Free will according to the Encarta encyclopedia is The power or ability of the human mind to choose a course of action or make a decision without being subject to restraints imposed by antecedentRead MoreInnate Theory : Innate Factors1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe following essay will set out to answer whether innate factors need to be considered in order to explain our behaviour. Throughout the essay I will look at key branches of psychology which contribute to our behaviour. I will also compare and contrast both heritable and environmental factors, this comparison will enable me to uncover the level of importance within heritability. We are led to believe that one gene can contribute to a behavioural trait, most people are unaware of the extensive

Miss Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Miss Persuasive Essay The English ColoniesDuring the 17th century, Europeans had unquestionably come to North America to stay, a fact that signaled major changes for the people of both hemispheres. At first, the English sought to benefit from the New Found land by trading across the continents, but later many English people decided to migrate to North America. Unlike other Europeans, the English transferred their society and politics to their new environment. The New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies were both English colonies but each had different factors that influenced them. Around 1606, a large population boom followed by high inflation and a fall in real wages motivated men and women to migrate to the New Found land. Merchants and wealthy gentry, who were interested in gaining great profits by finding precious metals and opening new trade routes, formed the Virginia Company which was to become the Chesapeake colonies. On the other hand, men and women migrated to New England mostly for religious purposes. We will write a custom essay on Miss Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The climate in New England was very cold and the soil was infertile unlike the climate in Chesapeake were the regions wide rivers, climate and soil were very fruitful. Hence agriculture was an essential and successful trade in the Chesapeake where tobacco and sugar were the major products. While immigrants rushed to New England looking for freedom of religion, men and women migrated from a small landscape apparently over populated island to Chesapeake, a large, land-rich content. Puritans organized the New England colonies in hope of finding a place where they could practice their religion. Except for the few Catholics who moved to Maryland, immigrants to Chesapeake seem to have been little affected by religious motives. Puritan congregations quickly became key institutions in colonial New England, whereas neither the Church of England nor Roman Catholicism had much impact on the settlers or the early development of the Chesapeake colonies. The New England colonies method for distributing land, helped to further the communal idea unlike the Chesapeake colonies where individuals acquired head rights and sited their farms separately, in Massachusetts groups of men applied together to the General Court for grants of land on which to establish towns. The men then receiving these grants decided how to distribute it. Thus, the New England settlements tended to be more compact than those of the Chesapeake. Due to socioeconomic conditions in the Chesapeake colonies, there was a predominance of males which meant that many males remained single and lived in pairs and females often remarried more than once. Thus Chesapeake families were few, small and short lived. Families in New England continuously and immediately reproduced itself because people immigrated in family groups and sometimes accompanied by relatives and friends. Furthermore, lacking such diseases as malaria, New England was much healthier than Chesapeake which meant people had a longer life expectancy. While Chesapeake population patterns gave rise to families that were few in umber, small size and transitory, the demographic characteristics of New England made families there numerous, large and long lived.In New England, church and state were intertwined to a greater extent that they were in Chesapeake. Although Puritans came to New England seeking freedom to worship as they pleased, they refused to award that freedom to others. Even similar offences were considered differently among colonies. Men and women, who were homosexual, were hanged in both colonies but such executions were far more common in New England than they were in Chesapeake even though mens behavior in the two regions would have probably been similar. New England and Chesapeake differed in the sex ratio and age range of their immigrant populations, in the nature of their developing economies, in their settlements patterns, and in the impact of religious beliefs on their settlers lives.

Trials And Tribulations Of Charles Dickens ( His L Essay Example For Students

Trials And Tribulations Of Charles Dickens ( His L Essay ife Works)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other wayin short, the period was so. (Bibliomania Online)The Victorian era, 1837-1901,was an era of several unsettling social developments that forced writers more than ever before to take positions on the immediate issues animating the rest of society. Although romantic forms of expression in poetry and prose continued to dominate English literature throughout much of the century, the attention of many writers was directed, sometimes passionately, to such issues as the growth of English democracy, the education of the masses, the progress of industrial enterprise and the c onsequent rise of a materialistic philosophy, and the plight of the newly industrialized worker. In addition, the unsettling of religious belief by new advances in science, particularly the theory of evolution and the historical study of the Bible, drew other writers away from the immemorial subjects of literature into considerations of problems of faith and truth. Charles Dickens is the most widely read Victorian novelist. Dickens appealed to social consciousness to overcome social misery. His immense popularity gave importance to his attacks on the abuses of the law-courts and of schools whose object was not the education of the children but the enrichment of the proprietors. Through Dickens Literature he questioned authority, examined the lives of the undistinguised individuals, and he challenged the idea that mone can by happiness. As bella Wilfer Says in Our mutual friend society given over to the pursuit of money, money, money, and what money can make of life. (Smith 78)Born i n Portsmouth, England, on February 7, 1812, the second of John and Elizabeth Dickenss eight children, Charles was raised with the assumption that he would receive an education and, if he worked hard, might some day come to live at Gads Hill Place, the finest house on the main road between Rochester and Gravesend (Smith 196). John Dickens, on whom Mr. Micawber is based, moved the family to London in 1823, fell into financial disaster, was arrested for debt and imprisoned in the Marshalsea Debtors Prison ( Kaplan 109). Charles was forced to go to work at Warrens Blacking Factory at Hungerford Stairs labeling bottles. In his Life of Charles Dickens, John Forster shares the fragment of Dickenss autobiography upon which David Copperfields Murdstone and Grinby experiences are based: It is wonderful to me how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age. It is wonderful to me, that, even after my descent into the poor little drudge I had been since we came to London, no one had com passion on me a child of singular abilities, quick, eager, delicate, and soon hurt, bodily or mentally to suggest that something might have been spared, as certainly it might have been, to place me at any common school. Our friends, I take it, were tired out. No one made any sign. My father and mother were quite satisfied. They could hardly have been more so, if I had been twenty years of age, distinguished at a grammar-school, and going to Cambridge. ( Ackroyd, 388) Dickens himself did not know how long this ordeal lasted, whether for a year, or much more, or less; surely it must have seemed as if it would last forever to this sensitive twelve-year-old boy and it so seared his psyche that Dickens the man never until I impart it to this paper a full quarter century later, in any burst of confidence to anyone, my own wife not excepted, raised the curtain I then dropped, thank God. (Ackroyd, 388)Dickens was able to continue his education after his father received a legacy from a rel ative and was released from the Marshalsea. Charles attended Wellington House Academy from 1824 to 1826 before taking work as a clerk in Grays Inn for two years. In order to qualify himself to become a newspaper parliamentary reporter, Dickens spent eighteen months studying shorthand, a perfect command of which was equal in difficulty to the mastery of six languages, he was cautioned, and studying in the reading room of the British Museum. He won a reputation for his quickness and accuracy during his two years (1828-1830) as a reporter in the court of Doctors Commons before reporting for the True Sun and the Mirror Parliament and finally becoming a reporter for the Morning Chronicle in 1834 (Ayer, 55). We will write a custom essay on Trials And Tribulations Of Charles Dickens ( His L specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Dickenss first published piece appeared in the December, 1833, number of the Monthly Magazine, followed by nine others, the last two appearing over the signature Boz, a pseudonym Dickens adopted from a pet name for his younger brother (Ackroyd 98). These sketches were collected into two volumes and published on Dickenss twenty-fourth birthday, February 7, 1836, as Sketches by Boz. Illustrative of Everyday Life and Everyday People. Dickenss skills as an observant reporter intimately familiar with middle and lower class London are demonstrated in these descriptive vignettes of everyday life, which also reveal his high humor and his deep concern for social justice, qualities that will dominate his novels (Charles Online). Dickens married Catherine Hogarth, daughter of George Hogarth, with whom Dickens worked on the Morning Chronicle . Catherine and Charles had ten children before they separated in 1858. Mary Hogarth, Catherines beautiful younger sister, joined the Dickens household shortly after the honeymoon. Marys death, at seventeen years of age, in Dickenss arms established in his mind an image of ideal womanhood that never left him. The ring he took from Marys dead finger remained on his hand until his own death (Ayer 83). The introduction of Sam Weller into the fourth number of Pickwick Papers (1836-37) launched the most popular literary career in the history of the language. Pickwick Papers became a publishing phenomenon, selling forty thousand copies of every issue. Published in twenty monthly installments, Pickwick took England by storm: Judges read it on the bench, doctors in the carriages between visiting patients, boys on the street. Carlyle tells Forster the story of a clergyman who, after consoling a sick person, was alarmed to hear the patient exclaim, upon the clergymans leaving the sickroom, Well, Thank God, Pickwick will be out in ten days anyway! People named their pet animals after characters in the novel; there were Pickwick hats, cigars, and coats, and innumerable plays and sequels based on the original (Smith 102). The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club chronicle the amusing misadventures of Mr. Pickwick, a lovable innocent who seeks to discover the world with his youthful compani ons, parodies of the lover, the sportsman, and the poet. While the Papers begin as a hilarious romp parodying the eighteenth-century novels Dickens had pored over as a child, they eventually assume a shape rising to the mythic level of great literature. Pickwicks education, under the guidance of Sam Weller, his streetwise, Cockney manservant, leads him to the discovery of the world of shyster lawyers, guile, corruption, vice, and imprisonment. The comic exuberance of Pickwick dominates this dark underside, though, and the sheer energy and wonderful good humor of the Papers carries the sunny day. There are, however, the Interpolated Tales of madness, betrayal, and murder, and Mr. Pickwick is forced to become a prisoner in his own room in the Fleet, for three months. The horrors young Charles Dickens had witnessed as a boy working in the blacking warehouse while his father was imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea are not eliminated from Pickwicks world; indeed, his awareness of their existence is what allows Mr. Pickwick to become a fully loving, if finally not fully effective human being, who, with Sams help, can see reality and relieve evilto the best of his limited abilities (Ackroyd 184). Even as Pickwick Papers was enjoying its huge success, Dickens started Oliver Twist; or The Parish Boys Progress in January, 1837; it continued in monthly numbers through 1838. In Oliver , Dickens explores the social evils attendant upon a political economy that made pauperism the rule rather than the exception. Oliver flees the cruel Sowerbys where he is apprenticed as an undertaker, having been sold to them by the workhouse for daring to ask for more food, love, nutrition, warmth and seeks his fortune in the criminal slum world of London proper. Befriended by the irrepressible Artful Dodger, he discovers warmth and good humor in Fagins den, among thieves, pickpockets, prostitutes, and burglars. Dickens presents an unrelenting portrait of the filth and squalor that surround poverty and, refusing to romanticize the criminal world, at the same time makes it clear that this sector has been abandoned by society just as surely as Oliver and the other Parish Boys have been abandoned by an unresponsive system. This is the world the young Dickens saw at the blacking warehouse (Smith 88). The contrasting world of the Brownlows and the Maylies may serve to rescue Oliver from the corruption of Fagin and the brutality of Sikes, but the other boys in Fagins gangwho have been nurtured better by Fagin than Olivers fellows had been in the workhousewill remain abandoned. Rose Maylie, Dickenss first resurrection of Mary Hogarth, is discovered to be Olivers aunt and Oliver is returned to her through Nancys intervention, When Bill Sikes learns of Nancys betrayal of him and the gang, Dickens has Sikes brutally murder her. Dickenss almost compulsive public reading of the death of Nancy some thirty years laterreadings that shortened his own lifeseems an insistent reminder to his public that this problem has not been successfully addressed. The social system has victimized Nancy and Sikes just as surely as the Poor Law has failed Oliver. There may be Brownlows and Maylies who can intervene individually and occasionallyand miraculouslyin the lives of some Olivers, but the masses of s creaming mobs hot in pursuit of Sikes for the murder of Nancy need to know how those destructive forces can be reversed. Sikes has been as brutalized by that society as Nancy has been by him. Dickenss novels seek to help us understand this and to do something about it, as a society (Charles Online). Upon completing Barnaby Rudge Dickens visited America where he was absolutely lionized. However, after several attacks on him for his insistent speaking out in favor of international copyright laws and after further acquaintance with American ill breeding and overly familiar intrusion on his and Catherines privacy, Dickens became disenchanted with his own vision of America as a land of freedom that was fulfilling a democratic ideal. In American Notes (1842) he expresses his reservations about America, much to the chagrin of his American audience (World Book CD-ROM). With The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit , Dickens returned to monthly numbers publishing in twenty installments f rom January, 1843, to July, 1844. Martin Chuzzlewit is organized around the theme of selfishness, and marks an advance in Dickenss development as a novelist. However, sales dropped off to twenty thousand; in an effort to increase sales, Dickens sends Martin to America where Martin discovers the boorish behavior Dickens had only gently portrayed in American Notes . If Dickens is scathing in his portrayal of America in Chuzzlewit, he is even fiercer in exposing greed, selfishness, hypocrisy, and corruption in his homeland. He is able to sustain this satiric exposure with his comic genius, creating here characters who have achieved a reality beyond their pages. Sairey Gamp is no less real for us than Mrs. Harris is for her, and Pecksniffs name has entered the language as descriptive of hypocritical benevolence. In December, 1843, Dickens published the most popular and beloved of his works, A Christmas Carol, a work that expresses succinctly his Carol philosophy. Scrooge has sacrificed joy, love, and beauty for the pursuit of money and is representative of a society whose economic philosophy dooms the less fortunate to lives of want and oppression. The ghosts help him to a Wordsworthian recollection of youth and the promise of a better being, and as a result, Scrooges imagination is extended sympathetically beyond himself and he is redeemed. Dickenss vision of a society redeemed through love and generosity will haunt his works from now on. The alternative to this vision seems to be the threat of revolutionary violence we see in Brandy Rudge (Ackroyd 144). Dickens traveled to Italy in 1844-45 and then to Switzerland and Paris in 1846. His next Christmas book, The Chimes (1844), continued the assault on the economic philosophy exposed in A Christmas Carol. Dickens ridicules Malthusian philosophy and the economic theory that the poor have no right to anything beyond meager subsistence. He is coming increasingly to believe that the social problems in England are an in evitable byproduct of an economic philosophy that is fundamentally wrong-minded. The Cricket and the Hearth (1845) and The Battle of Life (1846) continue the Christmas books, and Pictures from Italy (1846) recounts Dickenss impressions of his Italian travel. It is such trips as these that Dickens thrived on, because in his novels Dickens Examined the common man. This analysis can be shown in Oliver Twist, in that Oliver was the average person trying to stay alive while living in such poverty (World Book). .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .postImageUrl , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:hover , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:visited , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:active { border:0!important; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:active , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The metaphors of africa EssayThe importance of memory once again becomes central to Dickenss next Christmas book, The Haunted Man and the Ghosts Bargain (1848), the tale of a man who gets his wish to lose all memory of sorrow at the expense of losing the attendant sensibility that comes with the loss of memory. It is at this time that Dickens is writing the autobiographical fragment he shares with Forster and which he mined for his most autobiographical novel, The Personal History of David Copperfield , published in twenty monthly installments from May, 1849, to November, 1850, the last issue being a double number. David Copperfield opens with David, the narrator, indicati ng that the pages of his book must show whether he will turn out to be the hero of his own life. After overcoming the brutal experiences based on Dickenss own experience at the blacking warehouse, David eventually marries, sets up household, establishes a growing reputation as a novelist, and yet discovers a vague unhappy loss or want of something in his life. He wonders if this unhappiness is the result of his having given in to the first mistaken impulse of an undisciplined heart by marrying his child-wife, or if it is representative of the human condition. He does know it would have been better if his wife could have helped me more, and shared the many thoughts to which I had no partner; and that this might have been; I knew. (Ayer, 93) Dickens was himself experiencing a similar sense of vague dissatisfaction at this time and may have wondered if his wife were not partly responsible. Whether she was or whether Dickens was experiencing the angst that every major Victorian thinker suffered from we cannot know. Davids problem is settled by Doras early death and Davids recognition that Agnes has loved him all along and that on a level he was not aware of he had loved her too. They marry, have a lovely family, and share a fulfilled existence ( Smith 72). The novel ends with Davids apostrophe to his true wife: Oh Agnes, Oh my soul, so may thy face be by me when I close my life indeed; so may I, when the shadows which I now dismiss, still find thee near me, pointing upward! In his Preface to the novel, Dickens talks about dismissing some portion of himself into the shadowy world as he finishes David Copperfield. Both Dickens and David equate the world of vision with the world of actualityone is as impermanent as the other. For David, Agnes is pointing to a world he hopes lasts beyond the worlds of shadow. In 1842, Dickens had written to Forster in response to the overwhelming triumph of his welcome in Boston: I feel, in the best aspects of this welcome, something of the presence and influence of that spirit which directs my life, and through a heavy sorrow has pointed upward with unchanging finger for more than four years past. He is referring, of course, to Mary Hogarth (Ackroyd 188). The world David is born into is flawed. He experiences the evil of the world, deeply at Murdstone and Grinbys, and escapes it. In his adult world he participates in the evil, contributes to it, unwittingly, as when he introduces Steerforth to the Peggottys and brings ruin upon that innocent house. He feels responsible for Doras death, the loss of Emly, Steerforth, and Ham. But in the end he is able, with Agness help, to put his universe back together. He has been involved in a struggle, with his undisciplined heart on the one hand, with active evil in the form of Uriah Heep on the other. Agnes tells David that she believes simple love and truth will prevail over evil in the end. It will, for Dickens, only if goodness has the measure of evil and if good people are willing to use their creative energy to work hard to realize that goodness. The evil that David experienced as a child on the streets of London sharpened his wits so that, for example, David is able to catch Uriah staring at him while pretending to write, on their first encounter. And as a result of Davids experience on the streets, he has the help of Mr. Micawber in defeating Uriah in his scheme to take over the Wickfield firm, indeed to take over the world of the novel. Davids first-hand experience with the evil streets of London as a boy gives him the knowledge and wherewithal to take the measure of evil. His imaginative creativity, inspired by Agnes, allows him to order his universe. The very powers that allow David Copperfield to succeed as hero are the powers that allow Dickens to create David Copperfield . He will extend those powers beyond the world of the novel to continue to address the evils of a social system that is oppressive and life denying. Dickens extended his capacity to address social issues and to provide entertainment by founding Household Words , a weekly magazine that first appeared on March 30, 1850, and continued until he replaced it with All the Year Round , which he founded and edited in 1859. In 1850 he also helped to establish the Guild of Literature and Art to create an endowment for struggling artists. Money was raised for the Guild through amateur theatrical performances that Dickens usually performed in, directed, and managed. Dickens was a brilliant actor and loved the stage, producing plays throughout his career as fund raisers for the many charitable concerns he worked tirelessly to support. His love for the theater culminated in his captivating public readings from his own novels ( World Book 153). Bleak House , appearing in twenty monthly installments from March, 1852, to September, 1853, is a scathing indictment of government, law, philanthropy, religion, and society in nineteenth century England. The organizing principle of the plot is the hopelessly entangled lawsuit of Jarndyce and Jarndyce, which destroys the lives of all who become enmeshed in the Court of Chancery through the suit. The legal system is exposed as itself a symptom of what is wrong with a society that is structurally flawed. The mud, ooze, slime, and fog that symbolically dominate the world of this novel suggest that this society cannot be redeemed through a simple restructuring. The spontaneous combustion of Krook, the counterpart of the Lord Chancellor, indicates that this society must be fundamentally altered or it will explode of its own internal corruption. Jo, the crossing sweep, has neither the energy nor the tools to sweep away the mud and slime into which the slum of Tom-all-Alones is crumbling. A nd Tom-all-Alones is infecting all of London, just as surely as Jos smallpox infects the novels heroine, Esther Summerson. If this society is to be redeemed, Dickens insists, it will be through the values represented by Esther Summerson. Jos broom cannot sweep away the mud of Tom-all-Alones, but the clarity and warmth of Esthers sympathetic love may be capable, if it becomes contagious, of illuminating this world and dissipating the fog. Esther and Allan Woodcourt, the physician who attends Jo at his death, marry, and we believe that their family can contain, in miniature, the order and love that must be transmitted to the larger society if it is to be saved. But Dickens is not sure, at this point, if what Esther and Allan represent can withstand the evils of London: they set up household in a country cottage, provided by the benevolent John Jarndyce, Esthers guardian (Ayer 79). The Crimean War, which broke out in March, 1854, prevented the government from addressing the domestic social ills Dickens had been railing against since at least as early as Oliver Twist. The inept government, which cannot seem to get beyond just muddling along, is captured brilliantly in the portrayal of the Circumlocution Office in Little Dorrit , published in monthly numbers from December, 1855, to June, 1857. The dominant symbol of the novel is imprisonment, and society itself becomes the prison of its inhabitants. Dickens had begun the novel, significantly, with the title Nobodys Fault in mind, but later entitled the work after its heroine, Amy Dorrit. Amy is the daughter of the Father of the Marshalsea, who has been confined in debtors prison for twenty five years. Arthur Clennam, whose gloomy childhood resembles what David Copperfields would have been had he been raised by the Murdstones, is a middle-aged man looking for meaning in life. Clennam and Little Dorrit escape the i mprisonment of this stultifying society by discovering their love for each other, a love that is difficult to discover since Arthur is so much older than Amy and she has the goodness, and physical resemblance, of a child. Importantly for Dickens, Arthur and Amy are willing to engage the fallen society of London and to attempt to change it. After their wedding Arthur and Amy went quietly down into the roaring streets, inseparable and blessed; and as they passed along in sunshine and shade, the noisy and the eager, and the arrogant and the froward and the vain, fretted, and chafed, and made their usual uproar. Unlike Esther Summerson and her husband, Arthur and Amy stay in London where they live a modest life of usefulness and happiness. (Kaplan 174)On April 30, 1859, Dickens launched the weekly journal, All the Year Round . To get the journal off to a good start, the first installment of A Tale of Two Cities appeared in the inaugural issue and continued in weekly installments until N ovember 26, 1859. Set in the time of the French Revolution, this novel once again looks at the potential for revolutionary violence Dickens had explored in Barnaby Rudge . If the ruling class in England does not take seriously the lesson of the French Revolution, Dickens appears to be saying, such a violent outburst is possible again. While Dickens deplores violence, his sympathies are clearly with the victims of oppression. Only the kind of sacrificial love represented by Sydney Cartons willing sacrifice of himself for his loved ones will be able to prevent such a revolution if society continues along its present course In an effort to pick up declining sales of All the Year Round , Dickens once again published a novel in weekly installments of the journal. Great Expectations ran from December 1, 1860, to August 3, 1861. Dickens and Catherine had recently separated after over twenty years of marriage. Perhaps in an attempt to come to terms with his personal unhappiness, Dickens ret urns to the first person narrator in Great Expectations. To assure that he did not fall into unconscious repetition as he wrote this story of a hero to be a boy-child, like David, he reread David Copperfield (World Book CD-ROM)In Our Mutual Friend, published in twenty installments from May, 1864, to November, 1865, Dickens makes still another advance in his artistic vision. Dominated by the dust heaps and the spiritual wasteland they symbolize, the vision of this novel suggests that we must die to ourselves if we are to be redeemed, and society must forego material pursuits if it is to become spiritually and culturally whole. The recurrent theme of death and resurrection indicates Dickenss developing understanding of the meaning of personal fulfillment that he explores in earlier novels, particularly in David Copperfield and Great Expectations ( Smith 193). Our Mutual Friend ends with Mortimer Lightwood, who feels that, like Dickens, he has the eyes of Europe upon him as he tells hi s stories at the Veneerings dinner parties, seeking the true voice of society while he reports the story of Eugene and Lizzie. He discovers it in Twemlow, who knows what it means to act nobly. Dickens must himself have been wondering about the voice of society with regard to his personal situation, and probably with Mortimers perspective. Neither Dickens nor Mortimer participates directly in the happiness of those they tell stories about. But they share the vision and take joy in seeing the results of the stories and the effects those stories have on their audiences (Ackroyd 195). .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .postImageUrl , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:hover , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:visited , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:active { border:0!important; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:active , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poverty Point Culture EssayDickens died June 9, 1870, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In a letter to Forster, Carlyle sends his condolences: I am profoundly sorry for you and indeed for myself and for us all. It is an event world-wide; a unique of talents suddenly extinct; and has eclipsed, we too may say, the harmless gaiety of nations. No death since 1866 the year of Carlyles wifes death has fallen on me with such a stroke. No literary mans hitherto ever did. The good, the gentle, high-gifted, ever-friendly, noble Dickens, every inch of him an Honest Man. ( Ackroyd 215)One of the predominant themes in the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is a comparison between a persons natural personality and code of ethics and the nurtured code instilled in the person through his or her experience with family or society. This is a very important matter in that it profoundly affects a persons character. The strong effects of a persons upbringing are demonstrated by Estella. Estella is, by nature, a very caring person. She develops a relationship with Pip and, on more than one occasion, blatantly warns him of the danger of his pursuing her. She, therefore, is obviously very concerned for Pip. However, there is another side to Estella. Miss Havisham took Estella in at a very young age and, still embittered by her experience with her former fiancee, determined that she would use Estella as her weapon against mankind. She, therefore, molded Estella into a cruel, cold, and unemotional person through years of training. The contrast between Estellas kind and caring side and her cruel and heartless side, imposed upon her by Miss Havisham, provides the co mparison of nature and nurture. The same type of contrasting personality develops in Pip as he works toward being a gentleman of Londons high society. Pip, at the beginning of the novel, has a strong conscience and a good sense of right and wrong. However, as the novel progresses and Pip becomes educated and becomes the beneficiary of great wealth, the effects of the nurturing of society and the values of society begin to show in his personality. He who had once been so happy with Joe and Biddy was now ashamed to know them. Pips experience in London taught him that the way to achieve personal happiness and satisfaction was to try to increase ones own wealth and status, regardless of how the actions he takes in attempting to ascertain this objective might affect others. Therefore, selfishness and egotism are often characteristics that result from the nurture of society, as is the case with both Estella and Pip. To be sure, the evil characteristics of Estellas personality were a resul t of Miss Havishams selfish desire to use Estella to serve as her weapon to get back at all men. As for Pip, he continually hurts Joe with no hesitation believing that he must do so in order to gain the respect of the elite of society. Again, the obvious contrast between Pips original sense of morality and his self-centered personality during the time of his expectations provide a contrast between the effects of nature and nurture. The greatest difference between these two influences is their manner for gaining happiness. Nature teaches Pip and Estella to serve others. It is clear at the end of the novel that neither one of these characters gained satisfaction by hurting others; furthermore, Pips only true source of happiness for the duration of his expectations was his service to Herbert. Nature, however, teaches that happiness is achieved through serving ones self. This side advocates the use of deceit, manipulation, oppression, and back-stabbing in order to help ones self. Such i s the attitude of Pumblechook and Miss Havisham (previous to her conversion). They often deceive and manipulate others in order to gain what they want. Though they are both successful, it is apparent that neither one of them is happy. In this novel, Dickens demonstrates that the only way to successfully attain self-satisfaction and happiness is to follow the course of nature and help others. Pip, who was never happy during the time of his expectations though he had wealth, achieves his happiness at the end of the novel by reverting to his nature and becoming a moral, caring, and helpful person whose greatest concern was to make others happy. One of the most interesting and mysterious themes in Great Expectations is infatuation and how it compares and relates to love. Infatuation, which is really nothing but a big crush or obsession, is often termed as false love. This is so because when a person has feelings of infatuation, he or she usually thinks they are in love. In all reality, he or she is only experiencing a new excitement of seeing what it is like to have feelings for another, even if those feelings are only of physical attraction. That is why infatuation tends to be much more frequent with younger people than for older people. Young people are experiencing feelings for the first time and really do not know what all of their feelings mean. They do not know how deep the feelings are, how long they will last, or if the feelings are for all of the right reasons. Older people have feelings just like younger people, but they also have old feelings to compare their new feelings with. The feelings they experienced in th e past can be used to compare the present feelings they have and therefore make it easier to determine if their present feelings are of love or infatuation. Younger people must experience feelings with many other people before they can conclude whether or not their feelings are of love. As Pip shows in the novel, a person can be infatuated with another and then later on fall in love with them. Pip felt infatuation towards Estella for most of the book. Towards the end however, he indicated his love for her when he expressed his concern over her marrying Drummle. This act shows love because although Pip realized he could not marry Estella, he wanted someone to marry her who would treat her like a queen. This was out of his love. If he had still been infatuated, he still would have been against Estella marrying Drummle, but only out of jealousy. Overall, infatuation is really a good thing. It provides experience for people to grow and learn about what kind of qualities they cherish and what kind of people they like to spend time with. If a person is infatuated and then finds out that the person they were infatuated with has a quality they do not like, it could teach a moral lesson about how the inside of a person is frequently more important than the outside. Infatuation is therefore a tool to the overall growth and development of a human being. It leads us to discover our feelings and ultimately, love. Bondage is one of the most significant themes within Great Expectations. Bondage is a state of slavery or servitude in which ones freedom to choose or act is limited by some force. In the case of Great Expectations this binding force is both external and internal. Internal bondage is the state of being bound only by ones personal attitudes, beliefs, and ideals. External bondage, on the other hand, is a constrainment by something externally, usually another character. However, it can be said that characters are not bound specifically to other characters, but rather to their own self-delusions regarding the other characters and their environments. In Great Expectations, Pip is the prime example of bondage. He is bound externally to Estella, Miss Havisham, and later Magwitch. Internally, he is bound by his shame, guilt, fear, pride, and his expectations. Remarkably, all of these forms of bondage are inter-related or are sources of each other. For example, Pips bondage to Estella through his infatuation lead to both his heightened sense of shame and desire for expectations. His shame in turn leads him to seek gentility and fulfill his expectations to become a gentleman. Ultimately, his expectations distilled a sense of pride within him that was the source of all further bondage. It was his pride that allowed him to envision Miss Havisham as his benefactor and all the other poor dreams. Thus, he became bound to Miss Havisham as the source of his wealth and expectations. Bondage, moreover, both internal and external, is the result of the same influences: fear, shame, guilt, and pride. Externally, for example, Pips fear and guilt a llowed him to become bound to Magwitch. He feared being responsible for the capture and subsequent death of Magwitch so much that he allowed himself to become bound to him as his protector. Internally, Pips shame and pride kept him from going back to the forge and to good, simple Joe. Pip demonstrated that bondage can only be lifted by the truth. The truth is not easy to come by, however, as reason alone and the logic of others cannot reveal it to the heart of an individual. Constantly, Biddy revealed the truth to an unaccepting Pip. Pride must be first eradicated before the truth can be accepted. In most cases, as was the case with Pip, pride can only be diminished through profound suffering. Only when Pip was naked of all pride could he realize the truth and, thus, free himselfDickens, our greatest storyteller, may not have discovered the personal happiness in his own marriage that Eugene and John Harmon, the Pip and David of his last completed novel, achieve, but in the end he ac hieves personal fulfillment through his art. David realizes, in the life of his novel, what Dickens saw represented in Mary Hogarth, and what was not attainable in his own life. That Dickenss own fulfillment is in creating the vision rather than attaining it here may be explained in part by the fact that Dickens is an artist and in part by the kind of artist he is. According to Forster, Not his genius only, but his whole nature, was too exclusively made up of sympathy for, and with, the real in its most intense form, to be sufficiently provided against failure in the realities around him. There was for him no city of the mind against outward ills, for inner consolation and shelter. It was in and from the actual he still stretched forward to find the freedom and satisfaction of an ideal, and by his very attempts to escape the world he was driven back into the thick of it. But what he would have sought there, it supplies to none; and to get the infinite out of anything so finite, has broken many a stout heart. Dickens has shown us how the real can more nearly approximate his vision of the ideal through his novels. In his later years he told those stories in brilliant public readings from his novels in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and in America, where people stood all night in lines one half mile long to purchase tickets to see him perform.

4 Common Questions About How to Vote in College

4 Common Questions About How to Vote in College With so much else to juggle while in college, you may not have thought much about how to vote. Even if its your first election or going to school means you live in a different state, figuring out how to vote in college can be relatively simple.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ I Live in One State but Go to School in Another. Where Do I Vote? You can be a resident of two states, but you can only vote in one. So if youre a college student who has a permanent address is in one state and lives in another to attend school, you can choose where you want to cast your vote. Youll need to check with your home state or the state your school is in for more details on registration requirements, how to register and, of course, how to vote. You can generally find this information through a states Secretary of State website or  the board of elections. Additionally, if you decide to vote in your home state but are living in another state, youll probably need to vote absentee. Make sure you allow yourself enough time to receive - and return - your ballot through the mail. The same goes for changing registration: While a few states offer same-day voter registration, many have firm deadlines for registering new voters before an election.   How Do I Vote in My Hometown Election If Im Away at School? If, say, you live in Hawaii but are in college in New York, chances are you arent going to be able to head home to vote. Assuming you want to remain a registered voter in Hawaii, youll need to register as an absentee voter and have your ballot sent to you at school. How Do I Vote in the State Where My School Is? As long as youve registered to vote in your new state, you should get voter materials in the mail that will explain the issues, have candidate statements and say where your local polling place is. You may very well vote right on your campus. If not, theres a pretty good chance that a lot of students at your school will need to get to the neighborhood polling place on Election Day. Check with your student activities or student life office to see if they are running shuttles or if there are any carpooling initiatives involved for reaching the polling place. Lastly, if you dont have transportation to your local polling place or wont be able to vote on Election Day for some other reason, see if you can vote by mail.   Even if your permanent address and your school are in the same state, youll want to double-check your registration. If you cant get home on Election Day, you either need to vote absentee or consider changing your registration to your school address so you can vote locally. Where Can I Get More Information on the Issues That Affect College Students? College students are a critical - and very large - voting constituency who are often at the forefront of political activism. (Its not an accident presidential debates are historically held on college campuses.) Most campuses have programs and events, put on by campus or local political parties and campaigns, that explain different candidates views on certain issues. The internet is full of information on elections but put in the effort to seek out credible sources. Look to non-profit, non-partisan organizations for details on election issues, as well as quality news sources and political parties websites, which have information on initiatives, candidates, and their policies.

Al-Shabaab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Al-Shabaab - Assignment Example This movement is seen to be similar to the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)of Uganda where the Al-shabaab seek to establish a theocratic state based on Sharia Law through Islamic Rule in Somalia while the LRA enforce the 10 Commandments Rule in Uganda. They both use religion as a basis of their struggle but at the same time argue that no religion advocates for violence and also use unethical methods to recruit new members within their borders and all over the world . Recruits have joined the two groups for different reasons and under different circumstances. Al-Shabaab usually recruits its members that are considered to be Islamists sympathizers who entice new members by showing the a different way of life that makes the recruit in a better position to share out their religion with new friends and this is done through Quaranic schools and other educational institutions. It is also sad that some of them are lured by salaries as they pay those involved and thus take advantage of the unemployment and poor pay situations in most countries ‘‘(Kisiangani,2011,p228)’’. The Al-shabaab has over the years learned its strategy and tactics from al Qaeda and the Taliban from Afghanistan and Iraq that provide them with knowledge on remote-controlled explosives, assassinations, bomb making and suicide bombing.The movement has all along moved steadily closer to al Qaeda and adopted a modus operandi that increasingly resembles that of the Taliban in Afghanistan.The foreign impact on al Shabaab has taken two forms which are the transfer of tactics, Ideologies and Strategies learned by Somali al Shabaab leaders as they associate with the Taliban and al Qaeda and the recruitment of foreign fighters

Simien National Park - Ethiopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Simien National Park - Ethiopia - Essay Example At the end of the paper the possible losses, recommendation and conclusion is covered. The Simien National Park is a Natural World Heritage Site. It has been added to the list of World Heritage in Danger in 1996. There were two main reasons of adding this site to the list i.e. heavy settlement and Walia ibex population decline. It is spread over the area of 13,600ha. â€Å"In northern Ethiopia on the Amhara plateau in the western Simen Mountains, 120km north-east of Gondar. Location: 13 ° 11N, 38 ° 04E. The town of Adi Arkay lies to the north, Debark, on the Gondar-Asmara highway, to the south-west and Deresge to the south east.† (The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Website) The park has jagged mountain peaks, deep valleys and precipices. This park has approximately five to ten species of endemism, seasonal Highland biome and four different types of floral vegetation due to geographic variations. The four different floristic vegetations are as follows: Afromontane forest has variety of flora and fauna. The two wet seasons of this park and its typical geographic characteristics adds to the variety of plants and vegetations. Xeromorphic adaptations are common on the high attitudes. Rare species like Walia ibex, Gelada Baboon, Simien wolf and various other species of animals and birds are natural habitants of this park. There are twenty-one species of mammals recorded for this region. Seven species of mammals are listed as endemic species. There are sixty-three species of birds including twelve endemic species. This National Park is not only important for its biodiversity, but also important for its cultural heritage. According to Hurni (1986 as cited on UNEP Website)This region has various features of 18th and 19th centuries. Kirwan (1972 as cited on UNEP Website) claims that cultivators for at least of two thousand years have inhabited Simien region. Population living within the National Park is highly depended on its natural resources.

Discuss the major components of an academic essay,outlining the role that each component plays. Essay Example for Free

Discuss the major components of an academic essay,outlining the role that each component plays. Essay An academic essay is a systematic piece of writing which has a coherent and cohesion meaning. Basically, an academic essay is mainly characterized by an introduction, the body, the conclusion and the reference as shall be discussed forth with. To begin with, an introduction as stressed by McMillan and Weyers (2010: 90) â€Å"has to be the first contact that the reader makes with the author of the text.† This, therefore means it (the introduction) has to be well organized and clear, that is, short and precise to the subject matter or the topic. In support, Cleary et al (2013: 264) writes, â€Å"The introduction is the official start of your essay and introduces your reader to the subject.† Furthermore, Gamble and Gamble (2010: 371) supports the idea of the introduction being the first to impress the subject matter or points to be stressed. They further explain that, â€Å"The functions of an introduction are to gain the attention of the audience members, to make them listen to the speech.† Just like Gamble, Payne (2001) gives an emphasis on getting the attention of the audience through introducing the subject. Payne (ibid) suggests that, the introduction has to bring about the topic, that is, highlighting the audience or the reader about the subject or topic. In addition to that, Gamble (ibid) further shows that, in the introduction one of the ultimate goals to be built is rapport. This therefore, means creating or having a mutual relation of understanding with the audience. Cleary (2013: 265) suggests that, â€Å"an introduction has to explain the title as necessary: defining terms used in the title and explains the purpose in writing the subject matter.† This means, educating the audience or reader about the topic and thereby, giving adequate information relating to the subject. In addition, McMillan (i bid) gives an emphasis on the importance of the introduction being brief and, thereby explaining of the topic context. Meaning the introduction has to be clear and making the topic being clearly understood by everyone. Pritchard (2008) also highlights on the formulation of the relation between the audiences so as to deliver the information effectively. More so, Payne (ibid), further outlines that the role of the introduction is to create focusting of the major ideas of the subject matter. Again, this creates the map of the rest of the piece of work or document or speech, giving directions and highlights of what is going to happen through the course of the writing. In support, McMillan (2010:89) suggests that, â€Å"an introduction should have an explanation of how one is going to plan to address the topic in a particular text-in effect statement on intent.† Furthermore, Cleary (2013: 265) suggests that, â€Å"an introduction has to briefly state the structure of the essay by giving the main points.† This thereby gives the reader a clear picture on the title, the purpose of writing, the focus and the essay structure writes. Furthermore, an introduction should not be too difficult to understand. The use of simple language which is widely accepted gives credibility and the use of jargons it should not be used when introducing a topic. There should not be any ambiguity when introducing a topic. After the introduction, an academic essay should have the body. This, as writes Payne (2001: 416), â€Å"Is the main portion of the speech.† This therefore, means that the use of good joints of sentences is widely encouraged. This part therefore provides all the facts, evidence, critical analysis, discussion and a well built up side line of the story or the topic. As a result, the main ideas or the gist of the topic are easily attainabl e efficiently. In addition to, McMillan et al indicates that, â€Å"This section (the body) lays out the work based on the approach which one has decided to adopt in organizing the content.† This part of the essay needs to be dealt with great care, as organizing the information is crucial. Since the idea needs proper and crucial alignment, this therefore explains the importance of a good essay structure with a good planning of words and a coherent of good words in sentence construction. Clouse (2008) asserts that, the body consists of two major parts which are the topic sentence and the supporting details. The topic sentence has to present the main topic of the paragraph and announces the paragraph’s main idea, giving a map. Also, the supporting details are the evidence details provided to demonstrate the truth about the topic sentence. In other words, the body has to explain the major points, generalizing, describing or exemplifying as part of the analysis (McMillan). In addition, these authors also allude on keeping the body part as concise and clear as possible; this thereby means the body has to have less ambiguity in it. CEES (ed.) applauds that the body part of an academic essay writing has to serve the purpose of giving evidence, examples, references which relates to the topic sentence. This as a result, gives the audience a clear and a well defined picture of what is being meant by the topic sentence in play. In addition, CEES ibid points out that, th e body presents the topic sentence or the central idea supporting the thesis  statement or line of argument. In line with Cleary (2013: 135-136), paragraphs should be well constructed and of meaning and this is when sentences are arranged in such a way that they link to one another giving clarity to the reader. Such coherence can be achieved by arranging the sentences in the sequence that will best communicate the message to the reader through the inclusion of signpost words or signals which guides the reader. Also, a smooth flow of ideas makes the essay much more interesting, that is, cohesive meaning of the thoughts or ideas pertaining to the topic being discussed. Again, this uses transitions between paragraphs in order to ensure a perfect flow of ideas. However, the conclusion in an essay serves the purpose of summarizing the presentation. More so, McMillan (91) defines a conclusion as a summary of the whole piece of work. Therefore, a good conclusion has to present and clarify what has been discussed, evaluated, analyzed, and stated in the master piece (the body) party of the essay. Furthermore, Redman (2006) gives an emphasis that, proper conclusions has to revisit the key points or the main points of one’s argument, summarizing the key debates raised and try to fuse them. Therefore, the conclusion should provide a condensed version of the essay’s core argument, and restating the writer’s position in essay. Also, Cleary ibid purports that, in the conclusion, ideas not mentioned before should not be introduced as this thereby changes the focus of the conclusion. Payne ibid (2001: 424), indicates that, â€Å"Conclusion is the summarizing of the major ideas.† One does not have to review everything said in the speech, but a short piece reminds the audience of what is important. The conclusion has to serve the purpose of clarifying the issues or ideas one has just discussed. In addition to that, Cleary ibid says, â€Å"The component of a conclusion is to serve as a summary of the main points, usually referring to the thesis statement.† Besides serving as a summary, a good conclusion should be used to heighten the impact of the presentation writes Gamble (2010: 374). The conclusion must be a synthetic summary which therefore provides a platform of mutual understanding. Furthermore, it must grace the piece of work in such a manner that the major audience notes the major points or ideas of the summary as a whole (Payne). This means, a good conclusion has to be justified for recommendations. Again, a conclusion should be short, clarifying and emphasizing on the main topic of the writing, or the subject matter. Therefore, this acts as a tool in making the presentation of the rest of the topic to be well remembered through a bracing conclusion (Payne ibid). To embrace more on a good academic essay, references should be made so as to applaud the works of others (A2Z Essay). Cleary ibid (2013: 361) defines, â€Å"Referencing as a standardized method of acknowledging printed or electronic sources of information and idea that one have used in the essay, in a way that uniquely identifies their source.† Furthermore, referencing is an act of back acknowledging the works of others in any borrowed fact so as to keep the works of others safe from any plagiarism claims (A2Z). Simply put, referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism; to enable readers to verify quotations; and to enable readers to follow up and read more fully cited author’s argument or research. On another note, reference gives proof that allows the readers or audiences to consult the source in case of confusion or furthe r discussions. Again, references acts as an assessment tool in the sense that it requires one to find reliability of the sources of the text, similarities and differences among the sources and making connection between the details (