Penguins Essays (1060 words) - Flightless Birds, Penguins

Penguins Myopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficient land/water animals? Recent research indicates there's more to penguins than meets the eye. If you've every wondered what it would be like to be able to see as clearly under water as you can on land, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquatic animals are short-sighted on land. Most terrestrial animals (and that includes us) are far-sighted under water. But researchers have discovered that penguins can apparently see equally well in both environments, because of the unique structure of their eyes. Penguins have to be able to see well under water because their diet consists mainly of plankton, molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish. Through a special slowing-down of their heart rate they're able, like many other diving animals, to stay submerged long enough to search out and chase whatever catches their fancy. On dry land, it's a different story-or has been up to now. Waddling along on their flat little feet, eyes fixed intently o n the ground, penguins appear myopic, inefficient and generally out of place. In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stay on the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcher discovered that penguins are able to recognize individuals and navigate the rocky terrain on which they live quite well. Long of body and short of leg, they probably poke their heads forward as an aid to balance. And as for looking at the ground, they're merely-like us-keeping an eye on where they're going. The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, which is why scuba divers-or even you and I in the local swimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask to re-introduce air in front of our eyes in order to see clearly. Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye is frequently described as the most efficient. Its superior quality, combined with the fact that a large number of birds-cormorants, pelicans, seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get their food from water, obviously deserved research beyond that poss ible in a controlled environment such as an aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of the University of Waterloo and his associate, Professor Howard Howland of Cornell University, had a chance to do that research recently. Their trip had but one purpose-to study the structure of penguins' eyes while observing their natural habitat. The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina, offered this opportunity, being one the few areas outside Antarctica where penguins can be found in large numbers. Three of the 16 known species were located there: the Gentoo, which live on flat areas right off the beach; the Magellan (also called Jackass), which live in burrows; and the Rock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along the cliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common, having a population of well over 100,000. The general rule is, the smaller the penguin, the meaner the temperament, and the researchers did witness the odd fight. Their flippers may look pretty useless out of water, b ut it's not smart to play around with a penguin. Hel'll stand his ground in a face-off and if you're foolish enough to get too close, those flippers can knock you flat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had little trouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairly tight groups, as a defense against predatory birds such as the skua (a large seagull that thinks it's a hawk), and two more upright figures in their midst didn't seem to bother them. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, the scientists used two devices: one, developed by Professor Howland, to take photographs of the penguins' eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. Sivak, to shine a series of concentric circles on the cornea and give a measurement of how reflections of objects are altered by curvature of the eye. Despite the fact all the work had to be done at night-the only time the penguins' pupils were dilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similar photos of human eyes, and st udy of the internal structure of the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seal lions, proved the scientists' theory that the penguin's eyes are the secret of its survival. In general terms, a penguin eye and a human

A review of the book The Berlin Diary

A review of the book The Berlin Diary In the Berlin Diary, many types of leadership were exhibited in the democracies of France, Great Britain, and the United States of America. In this paper, I will identify the leaders of this very violent period, and attempt to analyze each democracy's leadership as it relates to World War II.FRANCE AND DALADIEROn his second go-around as Premier of France, Edouard Daladier was faced with a minor crisis in which he failed to make a decision. He had given permission for demonstrations to take place at the Place de la Concorde, which turned violent. Daladier had government troops standing by, but refused to use them, ultimately resulting in 16 deaths and several hundred people being wounded. Daladier resigned later that day. This type of leadership was pure cowardice. He was an exoskeletal leader; hard on the outside, soft in the middle, and couldn't make a timely decision. When he decided to act, it was too late.Chamberlain, MinnesotaThe spinelessness of Daladier and Neville Chamberlain of Britain are two of the reasons why Hitler remained so powerful. This brings me to the second democracy of the era, Great Britain.GREAT BRITAIN AND CHAMBERLAINGreat Britain's Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain was from the same basic mold as Daladier. He was pretty much a pushover, who thought that he was the bully. With the naval superiority that Great Britain had, Chamberlain probably could've done serious damage to the Axis. But like Daladier, Chamberlain didn't have the guts to stand up for his country. Great Britain's navy was by far the most superior, superficial navy in Europe. Why didn't he attempt taking on the Axis? Why didn't Daladier and Chamberlain initiate a plan to try and stop Hitler?The answer: they were both spineless leaders who were scared and unprepared to fight a war.

Labor market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor market - Essay Example Comparatively, the poor performance of the US economy to inflation displays a high fight against recession, which results in an increase in unemployment levels. This paper will review why the labor market is doing unfavorably, due to poor fiscal policy. Since the 1930s, the growth of the government was accompanied by an enlargement of government spending. In those years, government spending made up about 3.3% of the national GDP. By 1944, the figure rose to about 44% before it fell to 11.6% in 1948. In 1883, it stood at 24%, and it was lower  than this figure  at 21%  in  1999 (Conte and Karr). This policy area entails fiscal policy, which entails the president’s proposal of a budget, which is split into different areas, including health, defense, transport and health services, among others. The main source of the funds allocated to the budget process is the tax collected from citizens, which approximated 48% of the federal revenues of the economy in 1999. Local govern ment authorities collect their revenues from property taxes (Conte and Karr). During the 1930s, the US government was getting out of the Great Depression. Therefore, it began to employing the fiscal policy to pursue social policies or in supporting its affairs, and to promote economic stability and growth (Popper). During the 1930s, people lacked enough income to purchase all the outputs from the economy, which resulted to the reduction of prices and bankruptcy of companies. With the increase in the number of companies suffering from bankruptcy, more and more people lost employment, which lead to further failure of companies (Conte and Karr). During the 1960s, the government rechanneled funds into government spending programs, which pushed consumption beyond what could be produced by the economy. Soon, prices and wages increased in an acute manner ending with a situation of inflation. However, the government did not control the increasing inflation. Therefore, during the 1970s, the economy suffered from an acute rise in the prices of food and those of oil resources. As a result, the government resolved to contain the high inflation, through raising taxes and through the reduction of national spending. The strategies employed to contain inflation failed to be effective with inflation and unemployment rising to uncontrolled levels, which led to a situation referred as stagflation in which deficits characterized the US economy (Popper). During the 1980s, these deficits increased despite President Reagan’s use of programs that aimed at increase national spending and cutting tax levels. As of 1986, the deficit had escalated to USD 221,000 million, which was about 22 % percent of the total spending of the economy. The high deficits made the conception of tax policies or increased spending unthinkable policy strategies. Starting with the 1980s, reducing the deficit was the key outlook of the economy’s fiscal policy. The years that followed were characte rized by the expansion of technology and trade with stimulation of economic growth appearing unnecessary. By 1998, the economy had changed to reflect a surplus, which led to fears that it would undergo major budget challenges (Conte and Karr). Despite the fact that the budget process was a very important process, the function of managing the American economy became very important. In general, it shifted from the outlook of fiscal policy towards monetary policy. For this role, the Federal Reserve System played a key role,

Listening skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Listening skills - Essay Example The two most difficult areas where I was not able to focus on core issues were classroom lectures and my interaction with my peer group in the college. So I had tried applying three techniques: asking questions; focusing on content; and using the gap between the speech of lecturer and rate of my thoughts. The surrounding chosen were classroom where participants are students and lecturer at a daytime lecture. The other place chosen was the cafeteria where I normally interact with my peer group during class breaks. The classroom lecture by XX was specially chosen because he teaches social science but has irritating habit of lapsing into silence and using lot of hand gestures. I get distracted when my chain of thoughts and focus is broken by silence and I often find myself going off track. Moreover the excessive hand gestures tend to be funny and sometimes downright confusing which make me forget everything! So learning becomes difficult, resulting in low grade. Cafeteria is another area where it is most convenient to interact with peer and seniors to get important tips and gain tacit knowledge from their experience. I have always had problems in focusing on people and content as I easily get distracted by minor inconsequential acts in the surrounding. As such, cafeteria was hugely distracting because of the crowd, noise and tempting smell of food. But it was also the only place where it is easy to interact with seniors and other peer group. So communicating effectively during afternoon tea with seniors was really challenging. Asking questions in the classroom was very successful because it helped me to be alert and use questions to clear doubts and concepts. I also found that this technique helped me to get attentions of not only the lecturer but also other students where my image as student considerably improves and gave me impetus to become more conscientious student.

Management Information System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Information System - Case Study Example It becomes more personalised and gives the customer more accurate information. Making the whole service contract process friendlier and quicker is one way to help gain more service customers because it should result in the sale of more of these contracts. The company wants to automate its entire application process to speed up everything for both APCO and its customers and to eliminate much of the reliance on paper documents. Extract the information as easily as possible, without a lot of IT over- head Use the Internet as a Channel to achieve the above goals Information systems and business strategy now align with each other to deliver Strategic information systems. Such systems deliver Computer system at any level of an organisation; changes goals, operations, products, services, or environmental relationships and helps organisation gain a competitive advantage The Internet is changing the role of information systems in organisations. The Internet is capable of dramatically reducing transaction and agency costs. Businesses are rapidly rebuilding some key business processes based on Internet technology. Internet technology becoming a key component of IT infrastructure. The need of the hour was to have a new Sales Management system and a Claims Processing System that would allow APCO to manage sales more efficiently and process claims with limited overheads and maximum efficiency and modify business processes to align to the new information processing systems. The systems need to use the Internet as a delivery channel to deliver maximum benefits to the new business processes structured around this channel. Both these above systems are Operational level systems. As a first step APCO wants to introduce a comprehensive electronic document- management (or... The Internet is changing the role of information systems in organisations. The Internet is capable of dramatically reducing transaction and agency costs. Businesses are rapidly rebuilding some key business processes based on Internet technology. Internet technology becoming a key component of IT infrastructure. The need of the hour was to have a new Sales Management system and a Claims Processing System that would allow APCO to manage sales more efficiently and process claims with limited overheads and maximum efficiency and modify business processes to align to the new information processing systems. The systems need to use the Internet as a delivery channel to deliver maximum benefits to the new business processes structured around this channel. Both these above systems are Operational level systems. As a first step APCO wants to introduce a comprehensive electronic document- management (or content-management) system.

Ryanair Marketing Strategy And Strategic Issues

Ryanair Marketing Strategy And Strategic Issues The main aim of our course work is to critically estimate or appraise Marketing Strategy of Ryan air airlines and to point out some strategic issues which practically shows the planning procedure and provide some new planning procedures which gives information build and coverage towards strategic issues. We have to discuss about the Ryan air customer service which keeps the Ryan air airlines in top position from past decade. We have to identify the Advantages and Disadvantages that are under lying with in this company and the improvements which are observed by the customers and to discuss about how far the company reaching customer satisfaction in this Competitive market. Rayair ways is an Irish limited and it stands first among all the other air lines in Europe . This was all started in the year 1985 by rayns family with only 25 customers in their first route from Waterford to London Gatwick airport with 15 seats.slowly this company grew and it became the top in Europe air industrys connecting 150 destinations in more than 25 countries with cheapest air tickets .this air ways have a mojor role in the stock markets of Europe as this company is the largest tax payers. As the company grew day by day it had implemented certain policies in servies and their prices which have attracted the customers largely.this company operated with only 5000 customers in the beginning but now this industry operates well over 70 million customers as per the survey conducted in the year 2009.This is the only airlines which have deceased their cost tickets to a very less price which has created a revolution in the entire European air industries which made raynair airways to stand in no1 position along with customer satisfaction in the air lines world. Raynair overview The overview gives us proper description regarding the position and the details of the company as a competitor among the other industries. The cheif of the company Michael o leary was awarded the best busuiness man which brought a respectable name to the industry also in the year 1994 this company had it first boieng 737 which gradually increased to 210 boieng planes by the end of year 2009 increasing the profit to the company as well as the ceating capacity of the plains.rayn air has new routes which save d the time of the customers travelling by those routes and this also attracted the customers to a largr extent.the company also had a good customer care services as they cleared all the quires by the customers within 7 days and they dont have any marketing agencies which benefits the company as well as the customer also and they are confirmed about the prices of thrir trips Raynair position: The company has occupied no 1 position in the entire Europe and 16th position among the worlds competetion. In To obtain this spot the company works very hard by implementing new ideas and making changes in this competition world . the people responsible for this is everone who aorks for the betterment of the company . this company has defeated british airways in customer service ,baggage missing and profits. Achievements and Awards: Rayanairs achievements are as follows, It took many awards from Irish government also from the other world air line boards. The company 2 prestigeous charity awareds for their services towards the disabled persons It also backed the best deaf and blind friendly award in serving the deaf and blind people. Was awarded the best advertising award for it advertisements. The college of business and in the year 2006 has awarded Rayn air with ucc alumnus award. Rayn air has achieved the best business and service awards from the government of Ireland. Customer service: Rayn air goes with the motto to provide the best service for its customers by Online ticket booking from outside the airport. Solving their problems ,requests and others before departures. Takes care in baggage handling. Makes sure that no baggage is missing as it the most important from the customers aspect. Advertising on television help the customers to know about thier flights , fairs ,and also about the destinations to which flights will travel and departure. It has its own magazine t help the customers. Advertises itself through british broad caste channel and also more frequently during the breaks when live sports are going on. Raynair employees: It has more than 7000 employees working in the company who has good communication skills and customer service skills . The company also has a human resource development department that deals with the problems regarding the employees and to create a friendly atmosphere where in they can work more effectively. The company takes care about the health and safety of the customers and the employees working for the company. The company also provide proper training for the employees to avoid accidents during flight and these training programmes were also approved by the Irish avation authority lead by Ireland government. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Ryan air deals to increase the companies profit by making use of the resources which makes improvements in marketing techniques and management . Every such department has a manager for each who are responsible for managing things which the company implements. MARKETING STRATEGY: The main stratergy of Raynair is customer service oriented that influences the company increasing its profit directly along with the brand name. Raynair estimates low air fares with more passengers and charging on the baggage along with value added tax.the secret behind the success of Rayn air is the cheap availability of the air tickets in different charges for different classes and charging the baggage on both economy and business class is same.the main difference is the quality of requirements in plains.proper maintenance and operating model of network that communicates from different bases has been the successful stratergy . More stratergies are covered in swot analysis that have been achieved by regular changes in their policies due to market copetetion. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTHS: The company has a brand name as it is operating more than 2 decades. Customer can pay directly to the company. Increase in seats made less maintenance cost less which benefiting the company Boeing plains are easy to operate just like the other planes to the employees. Safety of baggage in comparision with other airlines. Operates very good network which makes the trip fast and safe. WEAKNESS: Discounts are not properly provided. Has a bad impression from print media. Extension of business to other countries is not allowed. Customers are charged for their baggages where as the other air lines are providing it for free or less cost comparatively. New routes made the destinations delay and reach on wrong time by which the customers would loose their patience. OPPURTUNITIES: Ryan air has many destinations in Europe. Plays a major part in stock exchange. Rayn air won profits even at the time of recession. Cheap flight tickets attracts more customers. THREATS: Rapid hike in fuel on regular bases. Competition from other air lines. Price motivation Opposition from print media. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: Internet ticket booking direct from the company. Reaching the destinations in a single flight. Greater qualities in services. Own airlines. Faster service in reching the destinations. Less ticket fair. Offers and previllages and compliments on buying the tickets It has no agencies Flights have more seating capacity. Disadvantages Seats are not allotted properly to the customers. Cancellation of tickets may take long time and some times customers may loose money. Cargo services are provided for free of cost. Opposed by the paper and print media. Baggage is also charged in extra other then ticketing and value added tax. Air bags and oxygen masks are provided at the customers request. CONCLUSION: From the above discussion we concluded that the marketing strategies of Ryan air airlines is well planned and executed and some strategic issues which are applied to the company to achieve good market in the airlines business which are done in practical manner. We concluded that the rain air airlines is number 1 in Europe continent and most respect company in the world which maintain strategies according to customer needs and maintain health and security precautions for both passengers and employees. Ryan air airlines has lot of problems that the people are not satisfied with the offers and extra charges which are held in baggage and food. Ryan air also extracts some advantages like low cost air tickets, Security, Service. Some of the problems with Ryan air airlines are cancellation of tickets will be done when conditions apply when compared to other airlines and extra charges on Luggage and more taxes and vat which altogether comes to the cost of other airlines and more passengers a re un satisfied about their journey and at one time Michael says that the Ryan air airlines are charging  £1 for using toilets which brings bad impression on the airline. This company do not have any agencies and the company is directly accessed by the customers through internet which is completely secured and the passengers made payments through their pc. Finally we concluded that this Ryan Air Airlines plans to operate their network throughout the world with more flights and to spread their customer satisfaction throughout the world.

Italian Immigration and the United States of America Essay -- American

Italian Immigration and the United States of America Today we live in a world of which some have come to understand where it all came from. So many different little contributions have accumulated over the years to create â€Å"today† in the United States of America. Not one factor is more important than the next, however, some have had a larger, lasting impact today. Immigration and racial discrimination have played the most important role as to why American society has altered. In 1917 America entered World War one. By doing this America played a grave role in conquering Germany and ushering peace to Europe. However, the Great War also meant that the US would change dramatically through historical issues and changes which resulted in American society. Industries had started to realize that it was not as simple as it was before to abstract the immigrants. As the country developed and became more successful it attracted outsiders who were searching for chances. During the 1920’s the United States began to confine immigrant s due to cultural and economical purposes. The immigrants faced several afflictions such as: racism and religious oppression. The examination of immigration expressed an important shift in American society after WWI. In this essay I am going to discuss how world war one altered the American society with the main influence of race. The main issues being immigration, and racial discrimination. The Italians serve as my main example. Could you put yourself in the shoes or another if they didn’t cost as much as the ones on your feet? Imagine if you are an immigrant and you have entered a bizarre and new environment. You do not belong anywhere and to this place you are not given the same privileges as the other people. These people see you as an alien and someone who takes away their jobs. As well as this you are also accused and blamed for things that you have never done. No matter how much you beg, or convince them that you have not done anything they still do not believe you. This society is against you and have nothing positive to say. This is what the immigrants had to face. This was particularly true for the Italians. During the nineteenth century the amount of immigration to the united states was increasing rapidly. The largest proportion of these â€Å"new† immigrants were from Italy, Russia, and Ireland. There was a combined reac... ...which have been learned and developed from the Americans. At first the behavior and reactions of the American citizens towards the â€Å"foreigners† was pure hatred but then they started to realize that the immigrants were there for a purpose. Gradually they learned to accept them in the American society as time passed on through the 1920s. Works Cited Grant, Madison. (1999). The Passing of a Great Race. October 17, 2007. Hasall, P. (1999). US Immigration. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. October 18, 2004. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook28.html Claris, S. (1998). Italians Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America . October 17, 2004. Boston: Gale Research, Inc., 1995. http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Italian/italian.htm Mintz, S. (2003). Italian Immigration. Digital History. October 17, 2004. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/italian_immigration.cfm Poholek, Catherine H. (1998) Thirteen Years That Damaged America. Prohibition in the 1920s. October 18, 2004. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Troy/4399/ Newby, Richard. (2004) Sacco-Vanzetti Case. October 18, 2004. http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html

Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review

Dhobighat and Kahaani Film reviews [Student Name] [Course Title] [Course Supervisor] Film reviews Introduction: The Indian film industry has never been popular for its art films. Art films in Indian cinemas usually try to portray a particular aspect of the Indian culture and norm. These movies avoid all the glitz and glamour normally found in Indian movies. No glitz or glamour usually restricts these movies to a low budget nor are these movies able to attract a large number of audience to the cinema.Directors that usually make such movies try to get a point across to the audience using the cinema screen to portray their view of a particular issue within the community. Dhobighat The movie starts off showing Arun (Amir Khan) moving into a shabby apartment in an old locality of Mumbai. The film depicts Arun as an artist who meets Shia (Monica Dogra) an American investment banker at one of his exhibitions. The two fall for each other and end up spending the night together.Shai expects A run would commit to their new found relationship but instead Arun makes it clear that he is not interested in a long term relationship and their night together was nothing more than a one night stand. Shai angry at Arun’s attitude leaves the apartment (Gurbaxani, 2011). This scene depicts a cultural trend that has greatly influenced the modern Indian society. Indian women are known to be conservative. They are forbidden to have premarital sexual relationships. However influenced by western culture, more and more Indian women have been engaging in premarital sex (Dhawan & Kurup, 2006).Spending the night with Arun highlights the western influence that has been a part of the Indian society for quite some time now. Whereas getting angry at Arun for his lack of commitment portrays the conservative Indian side that has been a tradition with in the Indian society. Munna (Prateik Babbar) is the laundry boy for Shai and Arun. Munna aspires to become a famous actor. Munna has a brother who has links to the underworld and his brother tries to use his links within the industry to try and get Munna a break even though Munna is against his brothers activities.Later on in the movie Munna’s brother is murdered probably because of his ties to the underworld (Gurbaxani, 2011). The movie in this scene highlights the underworld influence that has made its way to the Indian film industry. There have been many instances and incidents where mob bosses from the Indian underworld have funded and backed various producers. Anyone who has refused to work in mob backed movies has received threats and sometimes even been targeted by the underworld. Initially the mob bosses were just like any other fans of bollywood superstars.However all that changed when one of these mobsters started financing movies of an actress he fancied. Soon the rest of the underworld got on the idea. Refusal of banks to invest in Indian cinema forced the producers to accept offerings made by the mob b osses (Corliss, 2002). Munna arrives at Shai’s apartment to collect her laundry and the two soon become good friends. Munna offers to become her guide and in return Shai promises she would prepare a portfolio for Munna which he plans to send out to various producers. Munna soon starts developing feelings for Shai but is unable to express his feelings for her (Gurbaxani, 2011).India has been a country where people have been divided into different castes and creeds. From ancient times the caste system has defined the social, financial and economic lives of the Indian people. Marriage of an individual is limited to his or her caste, castes are defined by birth and a person’s caste decides the job that person is best suited for (Callaham & Pavich, 2011). The movie cites Munna’s lower caste and the difference of financial status as the main reasons as to why he doesn’t confess his fee lings to Shai. Meanwhile Shai gets obsessed wit Arun and starts stalking him .The building opposite to Arun’s apartment is under construction and the builder happens to be Shai’s father. Taking advantage of this fact Shai uses the building as a means to take Arun’s pictures without his knowledge. Arun on the other hand has his mind set on the tapes that belonged to the previous tenant of the house. The tapes contain messages from a woman named Yasmin (Kriti Malhotra) to her brother. Arun watches those tapes and soon starts drawing inspiration from them (Gurbaxani, 2011). It is normal for artists to draw inspiration from daily objects.Different artists gain inspiration from different day to day objects and people. These inspirations can be from friends, family or even a song they like (Barnett, 2012). The movie cites the tapes by Yasmin as a means of inspiration for Arun’s work. To make a living and promote his dream of becoming a movie star Munna works as a laundrier by day and kills rats for different localities by night time. On ce while taking some pictures Shai comes across Munna while he is on his night job working as an exterminator. Shai takes his picture while Munna is working. Angry and confused Munna makes a run for it.Arun watches the last video left by Yasmin in which she confesses that her husband is in fact having an affair and shows signs that she would probably kill herself. Feeling frustrated Arun leaves the apartment for good. Shai gets hold of Munna and asks him for Arun’s new address. Initially Munna hesitates and lies about not knowing the where abouts of Arun but eventually gives her Arun’s new address (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film depicts Yasmin as the narrator and uses her experiences of Mumbai to portray the famous landmarks of the city in a completely new perspective.The narration of Yasmin’s experiences gives Dhobighat the shape of a love letter written to the city of Mumbai. The movie uses various situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental diff erences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai. An example is a scene from the movie in which Shai wants to conduct Munna’s photo shoot outside the studio. However Munna being a native of Mumbai does not find the sights and sceneries of Mumbai as fascinating as Shai does (Gurbaxani, 2011). Normally Bollywood films are very expensive and can cost up to $20 million (The Economist, 2000).Up until the 1990s the sets, costumes and special effects used were mediocre in quality. The popularity of Hollywood movies in India forced the directors and producers to improve the quality of their movies (The Economist, 2000). However Dhobighat cost a mere $1. 8 million a fact that astonished and amazed majority of Indian and international film critics (Pillai, 2010). Indian filmmakers find that shooting in foreign countries draws the public to the cinema. Various foreign locations have been used in the past to make the movie more appealing to the masses.Either film makers choose foreign locations to get away from the crowd or they argue that it is the need of the script that makes them choose those foreign locations. Incentives given to the indian film industry by the government also attracts various film makers towards the idea of shooting at foreign locations (Trivedi, 2012). Dhobighat was produced using guerilla techniques in which multiple localities of Mumbai were used to make the movie. The director Kiran Rao didn’t use any kind of set at all. Kiran wanted to Dhobighat to be a tribute to the people of Mumbai (OutlookIndia. com, 2010).Most of the parts in the film were in English something that troubled Kiran and Amir Khan. Majority of indian population had a hard time understanding English a factor that most likely would have affected the film’s business. The production team decided to dub the English scenes in Hindi (Pillai, 2010). The distributor of the movie for United States and India was UTV. UTV a subsidiary of Walt Disney h as been one of the major distributors of Indian cinema and has been one of the prominent entities in bringing Indian cinema to the world. The last decade or so has been the turning point of the company.UTV took up movies that changed the way movies were made in Bollywood. A number of these movies were hits. Peepli live, Rang De Basanti and Brfi are examples of some of the great films that UTV Motion Pictures have worked on. Senior Vice President at UTV Motion Pictures U. S. A dubbed the movie as being different to what Indian movie fans are used to. He was also critical about the reception the movie was going to get. Despite the Academy Awards taking place on the same date UTV released the movie on 21st January 2011 in United States and India.The release date couldn’t be delayed because India was hosting the world cup and the film crew wanted to release the film on the same date to prevent the production of pirated copies. UTV gave preference to the Indian fans because the mo vie mainly targeted the Indian audience. UTV were encouraged after the Dhobighat got positive response at the Toronto and London film festivals (Sydney, 2011). Dhobighat was a success at the box office. Despite everyone’s expectations Dhobighat was liked by the Indian population raking in more than $2. 6 million in India.The film did fairly well in United States, United Kingdom and Dubai making more than $780000. Internationally the movie did quite well making a whopping $1. 6 million. The success of Dhobighat pleased the lead star and producer Amir Khan. Amir Khan further commented and dubbed the movie as a success because of the type of movie it was. Kahaani The movie starts at Kolkata metro rail where a gas attack takes place killing the passengers on board. Fast forward a few years a pregnant woman named Vidya Bagachi (Vidya Balan) arrives in Kolkata from London during a religious festival.Vidya is a software engineer who is searching for her missing husband. During her v isit to the local police station Vidya meets Satyaki Rana Sinha (Parambrata Chatterjee) a police officer who agrees to help Vidya in finding her husband. The two visit National Data Center where Vidya claims her husband worked (Dhaniwala, 2012). In India the police are usually considered incompetent and inefficient. They have frequently been criticized by the mass population for not taking their jobs seriously, accepting bribes and folding after being pressurized by top officials.However the movie shows Indian police in a positive light and in particular the character of Rana playing the role of a true police officer and helping Vidya in her quest to find her husband (Pagnamenta, 2013). At the NDC office Vidya and Rana are perplexed when human resource department at NDC deny having employed Vidya’s husband. However the head of the human resource department suggests that Vidya’s husband resembles a lot like an ex-employee, Milan Damji (Indraneil Sengupta). The head of t he HR department is murdered by a hitman named Bob Biswas (Saswata Chatterjee) before she could share Damji’s records with Vidya.Vidya and Rana break into the records of NDC to get more information on Damji. While searching for Damji’s records Vidya and Rana have a close encounter with Bob. The two barely escape with their lives. Vidya meets an intelligence bureau officer Khan (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) who is investigating the gas attack of Kolkata. Khan warns Vidya about the dangers of the case and informs her that Damji is wanted fugitive who is the prime suspect of the gas attacks. Khan advises Vidya to back off and leave Damjee to the police. However Vidya completely ignores Khan’s advice and visits the address stated on Damjee’s records (Dhaniwala, 2012).Indians believe that when a woman sets her mind to it she can achieve anything for the sake of her husband. These acts of courage by women originate from the story in Ramayana of a king named Dasaratha a nd his queen Kaikeyi who showed courage in the face of fear and saved her husband from imminent death. The movie depicts Vidya in the same manner as Kaikeyi who besides the fact being pregnant is willing to risk her life and the life of her child to find her husband and ensure his safety. Kahaani isn’t the first movie to depict such actions from Indian wives.Over the years there have been numerous films that have shown Indian wives going to great lengths to protect and obey their husbands (Murthy, 2001). Upon reaching the stated address Vidya and Rana meet an errand boy working at a small tea shop. The errand boy recognizes Damjee and gives Vidya the name of R. Sridhar an officer of NDC who frequently visited Damjee during his stay at the apartment. Bob on the instructions of Sridhar makes an attempt on Vidya’s life but dies in the process. The examination of Bob’s phone gives Vidya and Rana an IP address.Vidya confronts Sridhar at his office. A scuffle breaks o ur between the two and Vidya eventually ends up shooting Sridhar. The death of Sridhar angers Khan who wanted Sridhar for questioning. Vidya procures a phone number from Sridhar’s computer and dials it. It is revealed that the number belongs to Bhaskaran K. (Dhritiman Chaterji) an Investigation Bureau officer and Khan’s superior. Vidya informs Bhaskaran that she has some sensitive documents left behind by Sridhar and threatens him that if he does not cooperate she could use those documents to send him to jail.Bhaskaran tells Vidya straight up that he is not associated with any of this. However a few minutes later Vidya receives a call asking for the documents in return for the safety of her husband (Dhaniwala, 2012). Suspecting the call was from Damji Vidya agrees to meet the caller at the place of his choice with Khan and Rana on her trail. The caller turns out to be Damji and during their talks Damjee attacks Vidya. Damji menacingly points his gun at Vidya who uses h er prosthetic abdomen; she was using to fake her pregnancy, to knock the gun out of his hand.Vidya kills Damji and flees the scene. It is later revealed that Vidya was in fact Arup Basu’s (Abir Chatterji) wife. Arup was killed in the gas attack and she had returned to India to seek revenge of her husband’s death (Dhaniwala, 2012). Again Kahaani isn’t the first movie where women have been shown seeking revenge for themselves or for the death of someone they loved. Bandit Queen is an example of such a movie where a poor woman who is raped and abused by high caste men in her village. She joins a gang of bandits and seeks revenge upon all who did her wrong.Another story is that of ek haseena thi where a man takes advantage of a simple woman and frames her for drug possession. Upon her release from prison she sets out t find the man who framed her to seek her revenge (rain singer, 2011). The film director and the co-writer of the script Ghosh had trouble finding prod ucers for Kahaani. His film Aladdin was a flop despite having a star studded cast and the producers were reluctant in investing in his future ventures. The idea of a pregnant woman as the lead actress and small time actors in supporting roles were also factors that discouraged the producers from financing the movie.The low cast of shooting in Kolkata and the small budget attracted Ghosh to the idea of shooting the movie in Kolkata (Zee news, 2012). The script writer Adviata Kala did some extensive research for the film. She based most of the story on her personal experience of the city when she was searching for her boyfriend. She stated that even though there was a difference in the culture and the language barrier existed the people were very hospitable and welcoming something that can be seen in the movie (Mitra, 2012). To prepare for her role Vidya Balan visited a doctor to consult about the prosthetic belly.Vidya also consulted her doctor of how a pregnant woman was to act and how what troubles would a pregnant woman normally face. Vidya claimed that she used to portray as a pregnant woman in her college days which helped her out in her out in the film (zee news, 2012). Like Kiran Roa Ghosh used the technique of guerilla filming for his movie. The director admitted that guerilla shooting in the busy city of Kolkata during the festival was not easy. Frequently the participants of the festival stare directly into the camera or in the faces of the actors (Movie Talkies, 2012).Ghosh shot different localities of Kolkata without the public’s knowledge. Ghosh thought it would be easier to shoot without any hassle brought on by the crowd and without the need of crowd control. The shooting of the film and of Durga Pooja festival was completed in 64 days. Ghosh wanted the character of Bob to be of a hitman that would easily blend into the crowd. Ghosh briefed Chatterjee over his role and told him to portray Bob as being polite. To make the character seem mor e believable Ghosh gave him a bald patch and advised Chatterjee to frequently rub his nails, as Indians believe rubbing ones nails prevents hair loss.Bobs character received remarkable praise from the critics and from the viewers. His famous one liner from the film became hit on the internet with individuals quoting him on different social networking websites. The young generation of India was really impressed by Bob and some of them even approached Ghosh with the idea of a graphic novel based on Bob. It is also rumored that some one has approached Ghosh with the idea of a television series based on the life of Bob (Mukherjee, 2012). The main distributors of Kahaani were Viacom 18 Motion Pictures.Viacom 18 Motion Pictures has been around for quite some time now dealing with Indian movies. Some of the famous movies that have done business with Viacom are Players, Son of sardar and Tanu weds Manu. The movie was a success at the box office. Initially during the first week the movie exp erienced a poor response. The film made $370000 in the province of Bengal in the time span of three days and during that time the seat occupancy rose from 47% on the first day to 94% on the third. The movie generated $4. 4 million in the first week passing its production cost of $1. million. By the end of the second week the movie made up to $7. 9 million in India alone. Box office India dubbed the movie a super hit just after two weeks (Box office India, 2012). Oversees the movie did reasonably well being able to generate the revenue of $1. 5 million from United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Hindustan times estimated that Kahaani had generated $19 million world wide within 50 days of its release (First Post, 2012). Kahaani’s success brought on a new trend among Bollywood producers and directors.Kolkata became a favorite location for the industry. The use of Kolkata as an opening scene was completely different from traditional Bollywoo d movies that had been using Mumbai and Delhi as their prime locations for shooting. The city’s colonial buildings and the hand rickshaws all added to the magnificent scenario that was presented by Ghosh in the movie. The release of the movie also had a significant impact on the tourism in Kolkata. In particular the guest house used by Vidya in the movie has attracted a lot of tourists (OneIndia. com, 2012).Ghosh plans to produce a sequel for Kahaani and use Vidya Balan as his lead actress in the same recurring role. The shooting of Kahaani 2 is to take place in 2013. The film industry has already seen the making of Kahaani in Tamil and Telegue. Conclusion The success of low budget art movies like Dhobighat and Kahaani shows a change in the trend that has been found amongst the Indian viewers. Viewers have now grown tired of all the love stories and senseless action movies that has been the recipe for a successful Bollywood movie. The viewers now want to watch movies that hav e a strong plot and have good stories.The success of Kahaani and Dhobighat despite their unknown actors is proof that indian viewers want to watch movies with a good plot. Expensive movies such as Agent Vinod and Rush are proof that a big budget and a star studded cast does not guarantee the success of a movie. Using real locations instead of expensive sets is another factor that separates Kahaani and Dhobighat from other movies. Instead of using foreign locations these movies opted to use popular areas of Indian cities to shoot their movies significantly reducing the budget needed for the movies.Art movies in the past decade or so have generated a great deal of revenue not only in India but overseas as well. List of References Barnett, L. , 2012. Top artists reveal how to find creative inspiration. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/culture/2012/jan/02/top-artists-creative-inspiration [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Box office India, 2012. Agent Vinod Average Opening Kaha ani Extraordinary Week Two. [Online] Available at: http://boxofficeindia. com/boxdetail. php? page=shownews&articleid=4192&nCat= [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Callaham, T. amp; Pavich, R. , 2011. Indian caste system. [Online] Available at: http://www. csuchico. edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india. htm [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Corliss, R. , 2002. Married to the Mob. [Online] Available at: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,361780,00. html [Accessed 9 April 2013]. Dhaniwala, M. , 2012. Kahaani Review. [Online] Available at: http://www. koimoi. com/reviews/kahaani-review/ [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Dhawan, H. & Kurup, S. , 2006. Pre-marital sex: Girls like to keep mum. [Online] Available at: http://articles. timesofindia. ndiatimes. com/2006-10-24/india/27785487_1_report-sexual-debut-indian-women [Accessed 8 April 2013]. First Post, 2012. Kahaani: What’s the story behind the numbers? [Online] Available at: http://www. firstpost. com/bollywood/kahaani-whats-the- story-behind-the-numbers-253056. html [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Gurbaxani, A. , 2011. ‘Dhobi Ghat’ Is A Sparkling Debut. [Online] Available at: http://mumbaiboss. com/2011/01/21/%E2%80%98dhobi-ghat%E2%80%99-is-a-sparkling-debut/ [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Mitra, I. , 2012. Vidya's journey was my own: Advaita Kala. [Online] Available at:

How to Write a Research Essay in Marketing

How to Write a Research Essay in Marketing If you study marketing as a part of your college course then you understand the importance of accomplishing an accurately researched essay in marketing. Marketing can be the key to product adoption success or market advantage. You should research the key marketing attributes as the right way for deploying the marketing strategy. Some part of your research essay writing would be based on deciding what aspects of marketing are crucial for the research, the company chosen for the research and the product characteristics. Together with the investigating the marketing issue and subsequent questions with potential sources, it is also crucial to know how to actually write this kind of academic assignment. The point is that your research can simply get lost in the text that is not clear or fails to communicate the findings. What you have to keep in mind when writing a research essay in marketing is that there is more than just writing a beginning, middle and conclusion. The truth is that this paper is about expressing your research findings precisely and with the intellect required to engaged the readers. For a marketing research essay to be successful you have to take the right steps. In case of marketing essays, it’s better to start with a logical framework created from past specialists. Here, you will want to study the chosen products or company in order to understand the market position. Feel free to apply the well-known theories of Philip Kotler and Michael Porter in order to gain a perspective on the chosen topic and support your ideas with trustworthy facts. Choosing a Topics Writing Research Essays in Marketing To write the research essay in marketing, it is important for you to understand the basic purpose of this subject. To put it simply, marketing is a field of study that is focused on analyzing a range of market segments concerning their potential financial profit. Just like the other college research essays, a good one in marketing begins with choosing a compelling topic. In other words, it’s time to decide what aspect of marketing you’re going to discuss in your paper. However, you need to keep in mind that no matter how compelling the chosen topic is, it won’t do you any good if you don’t support it with factual data and stats. This in turn means that you have to do a lot of researching and then narrow your topic down. As a marketing student, you have an access to many different resources such as internet, your college library that help you to come up with a good research idea. Nonetheless, the thought of creating the research essay may be pretty daunting, especially if you’re still at the brainstorming level and have no idea what to write about. Just like in case with any other writing, begin by thinking about your audience. Then, create a 1-2-3 list of research essay topics that are most interesting to you, as well as the topics that you know will intrigue your readers. However, if you are still struggling to choose one topic out of the many available options, we’re here to provide some topics that you may pin down one from. Digital Marketing Digital marketing is about any type of marketing strategies that happen on the web. It is also referred to as online marketing that includes many different forms like email, search engine and ad marketing. Here are the potential topics in this area: The Future Challenges of Online Advertising Strategies; Behavioral Targeting as the Key Method to Attract Online Customers; Click Fraud as One of the Biggest Problems Online Advertisers Face Today; Dynamic Advertising as the Number One Method to Develop Personalized and Relevant Ad. Trade Marketing Trade marketing (B2B marketing) usually includes various promotional activities that are created to improve demands of selected services and products among different supply chain partners. In other words, trade marketing is not just targeting customers. It is also targeting wholesalers, retailers and distributors. The Key Lessons and Challenges of Trade Marketing Today; Potential Sales Opportunities in a Market for Modern Distributors; Techniques that Make Product Affect Everyone in the Supply Chain; How to Make Product More Appealing To Retailers? International Marketing International marketing is used in order to market services and products simultaneously in different countries all over the globe. Shelf Spacing Competition: A Comparative Analysis of International and Local Brand; How the US Marketing Affects the Other Countries; The US Digital Consumer: Nuances and Opportunities for Brands; Cultural Targeting in the Field of International Marketing. Geographical Marketing Geographical marketing is concentrated on integrating geographical intelligence into the company’s campaigns. This kind of marketing is important because collecting data and using figures and facts based on this or that location increases the chances of the marketing campaign’s success. The Influence of the Geographic Location of the Customer; Why Geography Matters in Marketing; The Role of Geographic Data Localization in Seizing New Business Opportunities; Globalization as a Method to Communicate More Effectively with Customers. Others The Concept of Attractiveness in Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model; Brand Attributes That Lead to an Increase in Customer Loyalty; Understanding Customer Perceptions Around Event Sponsorships; Marketing Challenges Related to Evolving Family Structures. Now again, you have to keep in mind that a research essay in marketing is still an essay. This means that this paper has to be created in an engaging way. No matter how crucial it is to use trustworthy data and stats for this essay, writing skills are vital as well. Create an Outline Write the Essay on Its Basis Once you are done with the marketing thesis, the next step includes not only brainstorming but writing down an outline with brief notes for every section as logical means to prove your thesis. Clearly, marketing research essay’s outline would first have information on the expert framework, and after that how it is applied in the real-life situations. From this point, presenting concrete and specific examples is always desirable to follow up the thesis statement, a way of debating the main idea for your study. The basic outline for the essay about ‘Advantages Disadvantages of Marketing Principles’ is going to look like this: Introduction Mention the theories that will be covered such as market segmentation, marketing, targeting and positioning, ambush marketing, 4Ps, PESTEL analysis, Porters’ five forces, buzz marketing, Ansoffs matrix, and micro-environment factors. The Body: 4Ps Ambush Marketing Buzz Marketing Ansoffs’ Matrix Macro Environment Marketing (Includes PESTEL and Porters Five Forces) Micro Environment Marketing Conclusion Mention there are many different methods that a company can utilize in order to successfully analyze the market. Bibliography Some of the resources include Ansoff, I., 1957. Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35(5), pp. 113-124.; Ansoff, I., 1965. Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw Hill.) Without a doubt, you know how important a good introduction for a research essay is. How many times have you already grappled with how to begin a research essay? The reality is that a research essay in marketing (or any other subject) should have an attention-grabbing introduction that not only summarizes what the project is about but also grips your readers and creates interest in your topic. By approaching the essay research in marketing as something that is important to your readers and the other members of the community you will be able to start your essay properly. At the same time, you have to remain logical and communicate the step-by-step means of how you approach your argument. Thus, the text of your essay will come naturally. In other words, if the research essay introduction does an effective job, it will become a roadmap for your assignment. The body of the research essay in marketing is the most important and the longest part of the project. You, as the author, have to check your outline and cover it with the relevant information. Allow the body of your essay to reflect all of your findings as specifically as you possibly can. If you write the research essay on â€Å"Tapplock Diversity Strategy†, use your body to tell your readers that according to the findings of your research, â€Å"the most suitable target market for Tapplock to boost sales by 40% at the end of 2019 is targeting on construction employees in the United States who need easy adaptor, convenience and high security biometric functions to protect the tool of greater value†. The concluding part of the research essay in marketing is a must have because you have to use it to wrap your findings up. What is more, it is important to use the conclusion to ask the questions that may remain. If, for example, you work on the research essay titled ‘Snapchat in Small Businesses’ Growth’, let your readers know what you have learned from the research. What kind of challenges Snapchat is going to face? Does it serve as a perfect basis for the modern business? What can the owners of Snapchat expect from the future? Feel free to provide recommendations or reflections before the conclusion in order to wind down the essay. This will help you to communicate the concluding thought more efficiently. Mind the Academic Format A research essay in marketing has to be built according to the rules of academic writing, and appropriate formatting is an important part of it. College professors will definitely specify what format you have to follow – Chicago, MLA, APA or anything else. In case your professor doesn’t give you any specific requests, you have an opportunity to choose the formatting style that you work with easily and can stay consistent in the process. There are three main styles that students use to format the research essays properly, referred to as Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), MLA and APA. MLA style. The Modern Language Association could be an option for those who study the Humanities. In other words, theatre majors, English students and artists are well familiar with this style. APA style. The American Psychological Association to be precise. This is the number one choice when it comes to social sciences. Thus, if you’re a student of the biology, medicine, sociology, social work or psychology course, consider using APA style. Chicago style. Chicago formatting style is preferred by the humanities’ students, particularly the ones who study literature or some advanced segments of history and the arts. If you think that at this stage your research essay is over, it’s just the beginning. The revision part is very important because it enables you to think about your research and the findings once again and maybe return to exploring the topic. Who knows, maybe at this level you will face new ideas and find out that you have actually missed something important that needs further elaboration. As for the editing, things are going a completely different way. Editing is about checking the language usage, finding out if every word, phrase or sentence makes sense. As a rule, when you edit you have to read the text out loud in order to detect all mistakes. At the editing level you have to ask your friend or anyone, who can boast of professional writing skills, to read your paper and honestly tell your what is wrong with it. Use their feedback to fix all mistakes and make your final draft perfect for your professor’s requirements. This is pretty much everything that a college student needs to know to write a research essay in marketing.

Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals

Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals Chemistry is mostly the study of electron interactions between atoms and molecules. Understanding the behavior of the electrons in an atom is an important part of understanding chemical reactions. Early atomic theories used the idea that an atoms electron followed the same rules as a mini solar system where the planets were electrons orbiting a center proton sun. Electric attractive forces are much stronger than gravitational forces, but follow the same basic inverse square rules for distance. Early observations showed the electrons were moving more like a cloud surrounding the nucleus rather than an individual planet. The shape of the cloud, or orbital, depended on the amount of energy, angular momentum and magnetic moment of the individual electron. The properties of an atoms electron configuration are described by four quantum numbers: n, â„“, m, and s. First Quantum Number The first is the energy level quantum number, n. In an orbit, lower energy orbits are close to the source of attraction. The more energy you give a body in orbit, the further out it goes. If you give the body enough energy, it will leave the system entirely. The same is true for an electron orbital. Higher values of n mean more energy for the electron and the corresponding radius of the electron cloud or orbital is further away from the nucleus. Values of n start at 1 and go up by integer amounts. The higher the value of n, the closer the corresponding energy levels are to each other. If enough energy is added to the electron, it will leave the atom and leave a positive ion behind. Second Quantum Number The second quantum number is the angular quantum number, â„“. Each value of n has multiple values of â„“ ranging in values from 0 to (n-1).This quantum number determines the shape of the electron cloud. In chemistry, there are names for each value of â„“. The first value, â„“ 0 called an s orbital. s orbitals are spherical, centered on the nucleus. The second, â„“ 1 is called a p orbital. p orbitals are usually polar and form a teardrop petal shape with the point towards the nucleus. â„“ 2 orbital is called a d orbital. These orbitals are similar to the p orbital shape, but with more petals like a cloverleaf. They can also have ring shapes around the base of the petals. The next orbital, â„“3 is called an f orbital. These orbitals tend to look similar to d orbitals, but with even more petals. Higher values of â„“ have names that follow in alphabetical order. Third Quantum Number The third quantum number is the magnetic quantum number, m. These numbers were first discovered in spectroscopy when the gaseous elements were exposed to a magnetic field. The spectral line corresponding to a particular orbit would split into multiple lines when a magnetic field would be introduced across the gas. The number of split lines would be related to the angular quantum number. This relationship shows for every value of â„“, a corresponding set of values of m ranging from -â„“ to â„“ is found. This number determines the orbitals orientation in space. For example, p orbitals correspond to â„“1, can have m values of -1,0,1. This would represent three different orientations in space for the twin petals of the p orbital shape. They are usually defined to be px, py, pz to represent the axes they align with. Fourth Quantum Number The fourth quantum number is the spin quantum number, s. There are only two values for s,  ½ and - ½. These are also referred to as spin up and spin down. This number is used to explain the behavior of individual electrons as if they were spinning in a clockwise or counterclockwise. The important part to orbitals is the fact that each value of m has two electrons and needed a way to distinguish them from one another. Relating Quantum Numbers to Electron Orbitals These four numbers, n, â„“, m, and s can be used to describe an electron in a stable atom. Each electrons quantum numbers are unique and cannot be shared by another electron in that atom. This property is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle. A stable atom has as many electrons as it does protons. The rules the electrons follow to orient themselves around their atom are simple once the rules governing the quantum numbers are understood. For Review n can have whole number values: 1, 2, 3, ...For every value of n, â„“ can have integer values from 0 to (n-1)m can have any whole number value, including zero, from -â„“ to â„“s can be either  ½ or - ½

Acitivating creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Acitivating creativity - Essay Example Sadly though, not all people will go about this process in the same manner and with the same level of success and experience. In Rossman’s creativity model (1931), evidence of the different levels of activities and tasks involved in the activation of creativity is showed in a manner that depicts that there are as many as seven different processes that needs to be considered in a typical creative thinking process. The rate of success associated with each process determines that overall success with the activation of creativity. From his model, the processes are given as observation of a need or difficulty, analysis of the need, a survey of all available information, a formulation of all objective solutions, a critical analysis of solutions, the birth of the new idea (invention), and experimentation to test out the most promising solution (Rossman, 1931). Similarly, Wallas (1926) touches on a creativity process in a manner that gives an indication that creativity is not an event that takes place in a one off moment but undergoes the achievement of a series of tasks, which comes together to be collectively known as the creativity process. He though gives the process as indicated below. Through the outline above, seven major tasks will have to be completed including orientation, preparation, analysis, ideation, incubation, synthesis and evaluation. It is based on the foundations of these two major models that four series of assessments were carried out and presented in the following journal. With a different task to fulfil in each of the assessments, the various creativity processes that went into the fulfilment of each of the tasks have been completed below. Assessment 1 Assignment 1 was on conceptual photography and involved the taking of a photograph that was used in depicting more than what was seen in the image of the picture. That is to say that, conceptual photographs are used to express generalised concepts of events and process that take place and h appen all around us (Keller-Mathers, 2004). To accomplish this task, a picture of two people running a change of baton race was taken. The concept that was being examined in the photograph was the symbolism of the power of two. It is said in a Chinese proverb that if two people carry a single load, it does not hurt. What this means is that it always pays off to have a helping hand in any project or activity that a person is undertaking. It is not surprising that it is said in an England parable that two heads are better than one. When two people team up to accomplish a common task, there is much effectiveness and efficiency (Grivas, 1996). This is because there is the sharing of ideas and thoughts in a manner that makes exchanges of knowledge rapid and forthcoming. Studying the picture critically, it would be noted that a total of 400 meters was supposed to be completed in the race. Meanwhile, due to the limitation of the human ability in running such a distance, it would be difficu lt for any person to end the 400 meter race with the same level of speed that was started. But in completing a 100 meter race by the same person, the tendency to maintain the start up speed or even improve on it is higher. To this end, instead of allowing one person to do the entire 400 meters, four people team up to run 100 meters each. As a proof of the fact that team spirit brings results, the finishing time in the change of baton is better than when one person alone run the entire 400 meters. Assessment 2 Assignment 2 was carried out by the use of divergent thinking. That is, there was the use of exploration of many different possible solutions (Gonzalez, 2003). In essence, the resolve for a

Learning to critique by critiquing critiques Essay

Learning to critique by critiquing critiques - Essay Example This author brings out her illustrations through a destruction, which took place at the Murrah Federal Building. It is after this devastating event that several developments taka place in the architectural field in the city. Krinke employs significant use of symbols for the purpose of communicating some of her ideas. For instance, she elaborates the elements that are associated with a sacred space. There is a lot of symbolism, which is applied for the purpose of bringing to light what the elements represent. The stone is the first element that is used. The stone elements in the city are tailored to serve as permanent markers for a given phenomenon. This is majorly due to the durability, which is associated with them. For example, on the concrete floor of the Murrah Building there are names of those individuals who survived the ordeal. Near the epicenter of the pool, there has been a development of a reflective pool. The changes that take place in the atmosphere are noted or brought out by the water. This also represents the changes, which took place at the city after the blast. The trees represent the ability of an entity to remain unscathed in the course of its existence. The tree, which stands out in the city, is the Survivor Tree. This tree is a representation of the survival and endurance, which has characterized the city together with its inhabitants through the years since the explosion. Krinkle significantly applies the approach, which entails imagery and symbolism. This elaborates the significant developments, which have been taking place. The imagery and symbols also point out that the explosion seems to have had a significant effect on the residents of the town. The approach, which is taken by Melcher in her article, is one, which is rather critical of the happenings in the city. For example, she points out that the names, which are embossed on the wall, may not be significant to a person