BSN Nursing Developmental Disabilities Nurses Care for the Physically and Mentally Disabled 2019

Individuals suffering from Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, autism, and various genetic disorders are often referred to as being developmentally disabled. They often require long-term monitoring and care by nursing professionals who cannot be provided independently through family and friends. BSN nursing graduates who care for patients with developmental disabilities make up the specialty of nursing called developmental disabilities nursing. What is Developmental Disabilities Nursing? BSN nursing graduates who choose to specialize in developmental disabilities nursing care for patients who develop a severe, life-long condition before the age of 22. Depending on the severity of the developmental disability, patients may need assistance with activities of daily living, require long-term monitoring for heart conditions, and necessitate treatment for associated physical conditions. BSN nursing graduates who care for developmental disability patients may work in long-term care facilities, schools, or home health care. Required Education to Become a Developmental Disabilities Nurse All nurses must be licensed as Registered Nurses within the U.S. through a hospital diploma, associate degree, or BSN nursing program. Specialized areas of nursing, such as developmental disabilities nursing, often require focused clinical and educational training through a BSN nursing program. For example, Kaplan University BSN nursing students are able to select a specialty within the field of nursing and also develop critical thinking skills that are essential in the health care industry. Students interested in learning more about developmental disabilities nursing may visit the Developmental Disabilities Nurses Association website. .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e:active, .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u0fd4cd21ef66bac89d55951c679b9a1e:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ What an Associates Degree in Criminal Justice Can Do For YouRelated ArticlesHealth Care Consulting A Growing DemandDeveloping School Health Care PlansWant To Work As A Health Care ProviderHealth Care Goes to Law SchoolLPN to BSN Program Graduates Eligible to Practice as Gastroenterology NursesColleges for the Health Care Professions

The Rapidly Evolving Energy Crisis - 665 Words

One of the biggest problems we face in the growing world today, not just as a country but also as the whole planet, is the rapidly evolving energy crisis. With the depletion of our fossil fuels on the rise, along with mass pollution emitted from the power plants that produce energy from these sources, we turn to other methods of producing electricity to help provide the vast majority of power for the world. The biggest issue with factoring out fossil fuel is that currently, fossil fuels create such a large percentage of the world’s electricity, and the majority of ways to produce electricity, that closing the gap left by fossil fuels means mass development on a global scale of other methods to produce electricity or creating a new way to produce electricity that is surpassingly effective. The big question that we are facing here is how are we going to generate the electricity lost to fossil fuels. In the world today about 68% of our electricity is produced from using fossil fu els. This breaks down into 41% from coal, 21% from gas, and 5.5% from oil. Another 13.4% of our power is produced from nuclear fission, and then the last 19% is from hydro and other renewable sources such as wind and solar. This leaves us with only two possible means to produce electricity, nuclear and renewable sources. Now renewable sources are fantastic for producing energy in the sense that as long as there is light, wind, and water you will have a fuel supply for virtually forever, but they areShow MoreRelatedSamsung Case686 Words   |  3 PagesFinancial Strategy: During the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990’s when other Korean chaebols collapsed beneath a mountain of debt. Samsung, cut costs and reemphasized product quality and manufacturing flexibility, which allowed consumers electronics to go from a project phase to store shelves within six months. This was a financial strategy that Samsung’s company used in order to perform well during the crisis. Innovation: during the same crisis, the company invested heavily in innovationRead MoreToyota Motor Corporation ( Japan ) Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe company has acquired over 600 subsidiary companies; they specialize in the production of automobiles, auto parts, commercial and industrial vehicles. In 1936 they produced the first Toyota a Model AA Sedan, the company rapidly began to grow but, was faced with an economic crisis after World War II which forced them to stop the production of automobiles. Toyota managed to reopen production factories by the 1950s, they began to research and study on how to improve the production of cars, in fact;Read MoreThe Relationship Between Economic And Urban Form1362 Words   |  6 Pagessupposition that if each unit met or exceeded its plan, then the demands and the supply would balance out one another. Just like the Nazi invasion, the central planning system allowed the Soviet leaders to assemble resources quickly during the time of crisis and to reindustrialize the country during the post-war period. The Soviet Union became a superpower with the help of the gradual development of its defence and the industrial base after the war. The economic system of the Soviet was in place for sixRead MoreCurbing Overconsumption : Challenge For Ethically Responsible Engineering Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pages In â€Å"Curbing Overconsumption: Challenge for Ethically Responsible Engineering,† professor E.J. Woodhouse discusses the causes of the modern environmental crisis, particularly how engineers should be responsible for aiding the environment. At one point, he asks, ’if it is technically feasible to arrange consumption far more efficiently, as Paul Hawken, William McDonough, and an increasing variety of others claim, does that imply that the engineers who help arrange the wasteful approaches are violatingRead MoreGlobal Warming Has Caught The Attention Of The World1699 Words   |  7 Pagesmore practical ideas should be considered. After conducting my own survey, I found that the approximately 53% are not only worried about global warming, they are also generally uninformed and claim to be unsure about what they believe concerning this crisis. Global warming and the effects it may be having on earth such as, the daily release of greenhouse gasses, drastic changes in the weather and the grave impact the harsh conditions are having on the animal and insect populations. Originally, when theRead MoreNo Ordinary Disruption By Richard Dobbs1066 Words   |  5 Pagesof it ease of transference and makes trade possible. o As represented with trade, developing countries are starting to become a source of and just a receiver of capital flow; assets are crossing borders more than ever before. o The 2008 economic crisis had a lasting impact, but will ever-increasing connections and growth from emerging impacts; we can expect rapid financial growth. †¢ People o Humans are through work, studying and traveling are becoming more connected then ever before. Higher incomesRead MoreOpec : Research Report On Petroleum Exporting Countries1683 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial crisis led to overspeculation, sending prices in a downward spiral once again (Said). This combined with increased pressure from the United Nations over carbon emission’s effect on climate change lead to major cuts in global output in 1998 and again in 1999 (Said). The turn of the century led to extreme global evolution not only of the petroleum industry but of political, economic, and environmental factors. In such a rapidly changing world it is extremely difficult for the energy industryRead MoreTechnology Is The Most Advanced Species On Earth Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pageselectricity per year (Wilson, n.d.). We already use this resource tremendously, but imagine the usage with the exponential growth of our population. It is unavoidable that the demand for electricity will increase as the population grows. In turn, this will rapidly drain coal mines as more coal will have to be retrieved to supply the world with electricity. The more coal needed to burn when creating electricity, the more carbon dioxide (a compound that, in high numbers, pollutes) will be emitted, thus increasingRead MoreSilent Spring By Rachel Carson952 Words   |  4 Pagesrestoring, protecting, and enriching habitats that have been damaged by humans. This has been pro ven in science, however it will be discussed whether legal frameworks surrounding ARs are fit for purpose and adaptive to suit the ever changing and evolving science behind the ARs. The concept or definition and an artificial reef (AR) is quite fluid, as there is no set structure type. Overall, many scientists would describe artificial reefs as objects that can be man-made or natural objects that haveRead MoreThe Crisis For Resource Scarcity1592 Words   |  7 Pageswith rapidly evolving technology, consumers are far too consumed with living in the current moment with little to no regards for future impact. In this paper I will discuss some intersections of economic, social and environmental factors that water scarcity encompasses, and why it is crucial to address this crisis now and frontward into the next decade. The big question concerning policy change, behavior change and movement towards a more â€Å"green market† would be, can the reality of the crisis for

The War Against Persausive Essay Topics

The War Against Persausive Essay Topics School should happen in the evenings. Children should be asked to read more. After graduating, some students start to try to find a work rather than going into the university. Students and teachers can buy balanced lunch and drinks besides alcohol, that enables them to feel nice and study far better. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. If it's necessary to compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Persuasive essays are a fantastic means to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. It's possible to pick topics from assorted lists of ready themes. Such topics are simply deductions in a free but great style. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most essential and frequently tricky parts for many students. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. In addition, you can capture reader attention with the assistance of funny essay topics. You should select an essay topic that you're acquainted with and that appeals to the reader's emotions. You're a true topic enthusiast! Developing countries are working to develop into industrialized ones 105. If you didn't figure out how to locate a very good idea among the TOP-10 persuasive essays topics that fit your style, be certain that you produce your own, by focusing on something you wish to produce people believe in. If you get a nice and warm personality, individuals will be attracted to you and won't mind spending time with you. Money also doesn't change the way that people feel about you. Schools should not have a thing to do with ads. Begin with general subjects that you are conversant with then narrow down to a certain topic. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They should be careful a bout posting on social media. Since you can see, lots of the topics listed are new and deal with the recent issues happening in the World today. Topics cover a wide selection of current events, in addition to history, ethics and sociology. Additional the topic itself includes a good deal of statistics and can be ideal for practically any business, statistics, marketing or other majors. Argumentative research paper topics are a great deal simpler to find than to produce. There are some basic guidelines to follow to be able to be in a position to compose a great persuasive essay. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. There are many steps which you should take to be able to compose a superb essay. When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. When writing an important composition, it's recommended to pick contradictive topics. If you aim to compose a fantastic essay, you ought to take into consideration that any bit of writing has its hidden obstacles. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Just stick to the guidelines stated above, and you're going to be well on your way to writing a fantastic persuasive essay. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Students are accustomed to the fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. In such a circumstance, a student must choose a proper topic to write about. To write a great argumentative essay they first have to investigate several sides of the argument, which allows them to make an educated stance. You are able to restate your argument, which is a rather common practice amongst essayists. The question might be part of your introduction, or it may make a wonderful title. For instance, you can pick a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. The tradition is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states.

Management Education and Event Industry †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Management Education and Event Industry. Answer: Introduction: My best role is working in an event industry. I am interested to work as an event manager in any event industry. This is so because I have skills in planning, organizing and managing all types of events. The event industry involves a lot of travelling which excites me to become an event manager. The salary structure of event industries is quite high. On an average, an event manager earns 34,006 per month. Such an amount motivates me to work in an event industry (Bouchon et al. 2017). The event industry is very competitive and hence I am keen to exercise such skills of mine. After a thorough research and conducting few interviews, I have observed and learned that a person must have these following professional skills to become an event manager. Having a good management sense, leadership qualities, must be creative and innovative, should have good communication and interpretation, interpersonal skills, time management skills. I also noticed that to become an event manager, one must have the skill of passion and eagerness. Therefore, I examined that these are the mandatory skills that are needed to become an event manager (Block 2016). Working in an event industry will be easier and fun if such skills are inbuilt. The skills of an event manager make the event successful. Organizational skills, negotiation skills, problem solving ability, capability to work under pressure, flexibility, high level of attentiveness, ability to carry out tasks on time, promote the sales and events, must be able to deal with project management, self motivation and enthusiasm (Jones 2014). These skills are important, as without them no one can become an event manager. No person can be born with these skills. Passion for becoming an event manager can make the person develop those skills. Event industries hire event managers who qualify by having these skills. While working in a group I like to be cooperative because that makes the task easier and hassle free. I also supported the members of my group so that the task is completed on time. Even when rifts and misapprehension occurs in the group, I try to adjust and solve the confusion. Working in a group improves the teamwork and communication skills. I try to contribute more productivity in the team so that the task or work is done smoothly. I also acted responsible when I was given the opportunity to work in the group and did well. While working in a group, every member faces some kind of difficulty or the other. I faced an issue when the task given was not being completed on time. Therefore, I contributed extra effort and time by helping the other members to complete the work on time. The other challenges that were faced during my work were conflicts among the members, work not being distributed equally and less coordination from the other members. I have dealt with these challenges by being responsible, coordinating and understanding. I also acted as a leader by resolving the conflicts and made peace among the members. I was being over-ambitious while working in the group, as I am passionate about being an event manager in future. To be an event manager I must be able to work the way I did in my group with all the existing members. Leadership quality and time management will help me work as an event manager later (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). I tried performing all the qualities as to how an event manager would have performed and taken care of the challenges. My experience in working with a group set me an example as to how an event manager manages and executes his work. I would like to improve my professional skills while working in a group. Although the group must also consist of potential members, otherwise productive work will not be delivered. I must work in groups more often as that would help me brush up my quality and skills (Matthews 2015). It would be beneficial for me when I will be working in an event industry as an even manager. I will also improve in dealing with the challenges and would try to avoid them. I should develop more professional skills that will help me excel in the event industry. Evaluation of Professional Skills During the course, I have worked with a group consisting of other members and learned about my strengths and weaknesses. I realized that my strengths are organizational skills, time management and good communication. I managed to organize the tasks given, completed the tasks on time and was maintained good communication with my other team members. Apart from my strengths, I also got aware of weaknesses. I usually lack in coming up with ideas at the beginning of any task and I am slightly challenged technologically. These weaknesses made me face a few hindrances during my course. While my course was on, I have learned and improved on the areas of my weakness. I have improved in the area of communication and interpretation. This improvement made me maintain good relations with the other members of the group while working. I had an issue with time and company management previously but improved during the course. The other area of my weakness was presentation. Working on all these aspects helped me improve. Hence, I will be able to perform well as an event manager. When it comes to professional skills, I need to develop them in the areas of my weaknesses. I have faced trouble with the I.T system or technical issues. I must also participate in the company management for more flexibility (Peppard and Ward 2016). Improving and developing in these areas will increase the possibility of my passion. Therefore, I played the role of an event manager and gathered lessons from the experience of the teamwork. Due to my course, I was made aware of both my strengths and weaknesses. Along with this, I must develop and focus more on hard work, dedication and maintain my good leadership skills. References: Block, P., 2016.The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Bouchon, F., Hussain, K. and Konar, R., 2017. Event Management Education And Event Industry: A Case Of Malaysia.Mojem: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management,3(1), pp.1-17. Jones, M., 2014.Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Matthews, D., 2015.Special event production: The resources. Routledge. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons.

Penguins Essays (1060 words) - Flightless Birds, Penguins

Penguins Myopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficient land/water animals? Recent research indicates there's more to penguins than meets the eye. If you've every wondered what it would be like to be able to see as clearly under water as you can on land, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquatic animals are short-sighted on land. Most terrestrial animals (and that includes us) are far-sighted under water. But researchers have discovered that penguins can apparently see equally well in both environments, because of the unique structure of their eyes. Penguins have to be able to see well under water because their diet consists mainly of plankton, molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish. Through a special slowing-down of their heart rate they're able, like many other diving animals, to stay submerged long enough to search out and chase whatever catches their fancy. On dry land, it's a different story-or has been up to now. Waddling along on their flat little feet, eyes fixed intently o n the ground, penguins appear myopic, inefficient and generally out of place. In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stay on the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcher discovered that penguins are able to recognize individuals and navigate the rocky terrain on which they live quite well. Long of body and short of leg, they probably poke their heads forward as an aid to balance. And as for looking at the ground, they're merely-like us-keeping an eye on where they're going. The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, which is why scuba divers-or even you and I in the local swimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask to re-introduce air in front of our eyes in order to see clearly. Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye is frequently described as the most efficient. Its superior quality, combined with the fact that a large number of birds-cormorants, pelicans, seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get their food from water, obviously deserved research beyond that poss ible in a controlled environment such as an aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of the University of Waterloo and his associate, Professor Howard Howland of Cornell University, had a chance to do that research recently. Their trip had but one purpose-to study the structure of penguins' eyes while observing their natural habitat. The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina, offered this opportunity, being one the few areas outside Antarctica where penguins can be found in large numbers. Three of the 16 known species were located there: the Gentoo, which live on flat areas right off the beach; the Magellan (also called Jackass), which live in burrows; and the Rock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along the cliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common, having a population of well over 100,000. The general rule is, the smaller the penguin, the meaner the temperament, and the researchers did witness the odd fight. Their flippers may look pretty useless out of water, b ut it's not smart to play around with a penguin. Hel'll stand his ground in a face-off and if you're foolish enough to get too close, those flippers can knock you flat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had little trouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairly tight groups, as a defense against predatory birds such as the skua (a large seagull that thinks it's a hawk), and two more upright figures in their midst didn't seem to bother them. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, the scientists used two devices: one, developed by Professor Howland, to take photographs of the penguins' eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. Sivak, to shine a series of concentric circles on the cornea and give a measurement of how reflections of objects are altered by curvature of the eye. Despite the fact all the work had to be done at night-the only time the penguins' pupils were dilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similar photos of human eyes, and st udy of the internal structure of the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seal lions, proved the scientists' theory that the penguin's eyes are the secret of its survival. In general terms, a penguin eye and a human

A review of the book The Berlin Diary

A review of the book The Berlin Diary In the Berlin Diary, many types of leadership were exhibited in the democracies of France, Great Britain, and the United States of America. In this paper, I will identify the leaders of this very violent period, and attempt to analyze each democracy's leadership as it relates to World War II.FRANCE AND DALADIEROn his second go-around as Premier of France, Edouard Daladier was faced with a minor crisis in which he failed to make a decision. He had given permission for demonstrations to take place at the Place de la Concorde, which turned violent. Daladier had government troops standing by, but refused to use them, ultimately resulting in 16 deaths and several hundred people being wounded. Daladier resigned later that day. This type of leadership was pure cowardice. He was an exoskeletal leader; hard on the outside, soft in the middle, and couldn't make a timely decision. When he decided to act, it was too late.Chamberlain, MinnesotaThe spinelessness of Daladier and Neville Chamberlain of Britain are two of the reasons why Hitler remained so powerful. This brings me to the second democracy of the era, Great Britain.GREAT BRITAIN AND CHAMBERLAINGreat Britain's Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain was from the same basic mold as Daladier. He was pretty much a pushover, who thought that he was the bully. With the naval superiority that Great Britain had, Chamberlain probably could've done serious damage to the Axis. But like Daladier, Chamberlain didn't have the guts to stand up for his country. Great Britain's navy was by far the most superior, superficial navy in Europe. Why didn't he attempt taking on the Axis? Why didn't Daladier and Chamberlain initiate a plan to try and stop Hitler?The answer: they were both spineless leaders who were scared and unprepared to fight a war.

Labor market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor market - Essay Example Comparatively, the poor performance of the US economy to inflation displays a high fight against recession, which results in an increase in unemployment levels. This paper will review why the labor market is doing unfavorably, due to poor fiscal policy. Since the 1930s, the growth of the government was accompanied by an enlargement of government spending. In those years, government spending made up about 3.3% of the national GDP. By 1944, the figure rose to about 44% before it fell to 11.6% in 1948. In 1883, it stood at 24%, and it was lower  than this figure  at 21%  in  1999 (Conte and Karr). This policy area entails fiscal policy, which entails the president’s proposal of a budget, which is split into different areas, including health, defense, transport and health services, among others. The main source of the funds allocated to the budget process is the tax collected from citizens, which approximated 48% of the federal revenues of the economy in 1999. Local govern ment authorities collect their revenues from property taxes (Conte and Karr). During the 1930s, the US government was getting out of the Great Depression. Therefore, it began to employing the fiscal policy to pursue social policies or in supporting its affairs, and to promote economic stability and growth (Popper). During the 1930s, people lacked enough income to purchase all the outputs from the economy, which resulted to the reduction of prices and bankruptcy of companies. With the increase in the number of companies suffering from bankruptcy, more and more people lost employment, which lead to further failure of companies (Conte and Karr). During the 1960s, the government rechanneled funds into government spending programs, which pushed consumption beyond what could be produced by the economy. Soon, prices and wages increased in an acute manner ending with a situation of inflation. However, the government did not control the increasing inflation. Therefore, during the 1970s, the economy suffered from an acute rise in the prices of food and those of oil resources. As a result, the government resolved to contain the high inflation, through raising taxes and through the reduction of national spending. The strategies employed to contain inflation failed to be effective with inflation and unemployment rising to uncontrolled levels, which led to a situation referred as stagflation in which deficits characterized the US economy (Popper). During the 1980s, these deficits increased despite President Reagan’s use of programs that aimed at increase national spending and cutting tax levels. As of 1986, the deficit had escalated to USD 221,000 million, which was about 22 % percent of the total spending of the economy. The high deficits made the conception of tax policies or increased spending unthinkable policy strategies. Starting with the 1980s, reducing the deficit was the key outlook of the economy’s fiscal policy. The years that followed were characte rized by the expansion of technology and trade with stimulation of economic growth appearing unnecessary. By 1998, the economy had changed to reflect a surplus, which led to fears that it would undergo major budget challenges (Conte and Karr). Despite the fact that the budget process was a very important process, the function of managing the American economy became very important. In general, it shifted from the outlook of fiscal policy towards monetary policy. For this role, the Federal Reserve System played a key role,

Listening skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Listening skills - Essay Example The two most difficult areas where I was not able to focus on core issues were classroom lectures and my interaction with my peer group in the college. So I had tried applying three techniques: asking questions; focusing on content; and using the gap between the speech of lecturer and rate of my thoughts. The surrounding chosen were classroom where participants are students and lecturer at a daytime lecture. The other place chosen was the cafeteria where I normally interact with my peer group during class breaks. The classroom lecture by XX was specially chosen because he teaches social science but has irritating habit of lapsing into silence and using lot of hand gestures. I get distracted when my chain of thoughts and focus is broken by silence and I often find myself going off track. Moreover the excessive hand gestures tend to be funny and sometimes downright confusing which make me forget everything! So learning becomes difficult, resulting in low grade. Cafeteria is another area where it is most convenient to interact with peer and seniors to get important tips and gain tacit knowledge from their experience. I have always had problems in focusing on people and content as I easily get distracted by minor inconsequential acts in the surrounding. As such, cafeteria was hugely distracting because of the crowd, noise and tempting smell of food. But it was also the only place where it is easy to interact with seniors and other peer group. So communicating effectively during afternoon tea with seniors was really challenging. Asking questions in the classroom was very successful because it helped me to be alert and use questions to clear doubts and concepts. I also found that this technique helped me to get attentions of not only the lecturer but also other students where my image as student considerably improves and gave me impetus to become more conscientious student.

Management Information System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Information System - Case Study Example It becomes more personalised and gives the customer more accurate information. Making the whole service contract process friendlier and quicker is one way to help gain more service customers because it should result in the sale of more of these contracts. The company wants to automate its entire application process to speed up everything for both APCO and its customers and to eliminate much of the reliance on paper documents. Extract the information as easily as possible, without a lot of IT over- head Use the Internet as a Channel to achieve the above goals Information systems and business strategy now align with each other to deliver Strategic information systems. Such systems deliver Computer system at any level of an organisation; changes goals, operations, products, services, or environmental relationships and helps organisation gain a competitive advantage The Internet is changing the role of information systems in organisations. The Internet is capable of dramatically reducing transaction and agency costs. Businesses are rapidly rebuilding some key business processes based on Internet technology. Internet technology becoming a key component of IT infrastructure. The need of the hour was to have a new Sales Management system and a Claims Processing System that would allow APCO to manage sales more efficiently and process claims with limited overheads and maximum efficiency and modify business processes to align to the new information processing systems. The systems need to use the Internet as a delivery channel to deliver maximum benefits to the new business processes structured around this channel. Both these above systems are Operational level systems. As a first step APCO wants to introduce a comprehensive electronic document- management (or... The Internet is changing the role of information systems in organisations. The Internet is capable of dramatically reducing transaction and agency costs. Businesses are rapidly rebuilding some key business processes based on Internet technology. Internet technology becoming a key component of IT infrastructure. The need of the hour was to have a new Sales Management system and a Claims Processing System that would allow APCO to manage sales more efficiently and process claims with limited overheads and maximum efficiency and modify business processes to align to the new information processing systems. The systems need to use the Internet as a delivery channel to deliver maximum benefits to the new business processes structured around this channel. Both these above systems are Operational level systems. As a first step APCO wants to introduce a comprehensive electronic document- management (or content-management) system.

Ryanair Marketing Strategy And Strategic Issues

Ryanair Marketing Strategy And Strategic Issues The main aim of our course work is to critically estimate or appraise Marketing Strategy of Ryan air airlines and to point out some strategic issues which practically shows the planning procedure and provide some new planning procedures which gives information build and coverage towards strategic issues. We have to discuss about the Ryan air customer service which keeps the Ryan air airlines in top position from past decade. We have to identify the Advantages and Disadvantages that are under lying with in this company and the improvements which are observed by the customers and to discuss about how far the company reaching customer satisfaction in this Competitive market. Rayair ways is an Irish limited and it stands first among all the other air lines in Europe . This was all started in the year 1985 by rayns family with only 25 customers in their first route from Waterford to London Gatwick airport with 15 seats.slowly this company grew and it became the top in Europe air industrys connecting 150 destinations in more than 25 countries with cheapest air tickets .this air ways have a mojor role in the stock markets of Europe as this company is the largest tax payers. As the company grew day by day it had implemented certain policies in servies and their prices which have attracted the customers largely.this company operated with only 5000 customers in the beginning but now this industry operates well over 70 million customers as per the survey conducted in the year 2009.This is the only airlines which have deceased their cost tickets to a very less price which has created a revolution in the entire European air industries which made raynair airways to stand in no1 position along with customer satisfaction in the air lines world. Raynair overview The overview gives us proper description regarding the position and the details of the company as a competitor among the other industries. The cheif of the company Michael o leary was awarded the best busuiness man which brought a respectable name to the industry also in the year 1994 this company had it first boieng 737 which gradually increased to 210 boieng planes by the end of year 2009 increasing the profit to the company as well as the ceating capacity of the plains.rayn air has new routes which save d the time of the customers travelling by those routes and this also attracted the customers to a largr extent.the company also had a good customer care services as they cleared all the quires by the customers within 7 days and they dont have any marketing agencies which benefits the company as well as the customer also and they are confirmed about the prices of thrir trips Raynair position: The company has occupied no 1 position in the entire Europe and 16th position among the worlds competetion. In To obtain this spot the company works very hard by implementing new ideas and making changes in this competition world . the people responsible for this is everone who aorks for the betterment of the company . this company has defeated british airways in customer service ,baggage missing and profits. Achievements and Awards: Rayanairs achievements are as follows, It took many awards from Irish government also from the other world air line boards. The company 2 prestigeous charity awareds for their services towards the disabled persons It also backed the best deaf and blind friendly award in serving the deaf and blind people. Was awarded the best advertising award for it advertisements. The college of business and in the year 2006 has awarded Rayn air with ucc alumnus award. Rayn air has achieved the best business and service awards from the government of Ireland. Customer service: Rayn air goes with the motto to provide the best service for its customers by Online ticket booking from outside the airport. Solving their problems ,requests and others before departures. Takes care in baggage handling. Makes sure that no baggage is missing as it the most important from the customers aspect. Advertising on television help the customers to know about thier flights , fairs ,and also about the destinations to which flights will travel and departure. It has its own magazine t help the customers. Advertises itself through british broad caste channel and also more frequently during the breaks when live sports are going on. Raynair employees: It has more than 7000 employees working in the company who has good communication skills and customer service skills . The company also has a human resource development department that deals with the problems regarding the employees and to create a friendly atmosphere where in they can work more effectively. The company takes care about the health and safety of the customers and the employees working for the company. The company also provide proper training for the employees to avoid accidents during flight and these training programmes were also approved by the Irish avation authority lead by Ireland government. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Ryan air deals to increase the companies profit by making use of the resources which makes improvements in marketing techniques and management . Every such department has a manager for each who are responsible for managing things which the company implements. MARKETING STRATEGY: The main stratergy of Raynair is customer service oriented that influences the company increasing its profit directly along with the brand name. Raynair estimates low air fares with more passengers and charging on the baggage along with value added tax.the secret behind the success of Rayn air is the cheap availability of the air tickets in different charges for different classes and charging the baggage on both economy and business class is same.the main difference is the quality of requirements in plains.proper maintenance and operating model of network that communicates from different bases has been the successful stratergy . More stratergies are covered in swot analysis that have been achieved by regular changes in their policies due to market copetetion. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTHS: The company has a brand name as it is operating more than 2 decades. Customer can pay directly to the company. Increase in seats made less maintenance cost less which benefiting the company Boeing plains are easy to operate just like the other planes to the employees. Safety of baggage in comparision with other airlines. Operates very good network which makes the trip fast and safe. WEAKNESS: Discounts are not properly provided. Has a bad impression from print media. Extension of business to other countries is not allowed. Customers are charged for their baggages where as the other air lines are providing it for free or less cost comparatively. New routes made the destinations delay and reach on wrong time by which the customers would loose their patience. OPPURTUNITIES: Ryan air has many destinations in Europe. Plays a major part in stock exchange. Rayn air won profits even at the time of recession. Cheap flight tickets attracts more customers. THREATS: Rapid hike in fuel on regular bases. Competition from other air lines. Price motivation Opposition from print media. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: Internet ticket booking direct from the company. Reaching the destinations in a single flight. Greater qualities in services. Own airlines. Faster service in reching the destinations. Less ticket fair. Offers and previllages and compliments on buying the tickets It has no agencies Flights have more seating capacity. Disadvantages Seats are not allotted properly to the customers. Cancellation of tickets may take long time and some times customers may loose money. Cargo services are provided for free of cost. Opposed by the paper and print media. Baggage is also charged in extra other then ticketing and value added tax. Air bags and oxygen masks are provided at the customers request. CONCLUSION: From the above discussion we concluded that the marketing strategies of Ryan air airlines is well planned and executed and some strategic issues which are applied to the company to achieve good market in the airlines business which are done in practical manner. We concluded that the rain air airlines is number 1 in Europe continent and most respect company in the world which maintain strategies according to customer needs and maintain health and security precautions for both passengers and employees. Ryan air airlines has lot of problems that the people are not satisfied with the offers and extra charges which are held in baggage and food. Ryan air also extracts some advantages like low cost air tickets, Security, Service. Some of the problems with Ryan air airlines are cancellation of tickets will be done when conditions apply when compared to other airlines and extra charges on Luggage and more taxes and vat which altogether comes to the cost of other airlines and more passengers a re un satisfied about their journey and at one time Michael says that the Ryan air airlines are charging  £1 for using toilets which brings bad impression on the airline. This company do not have any agencies and the company is directly accessed by the customers through internet which is completely secured and the passengers made payments through their pc. Finally we concluded that this Ryan Air Airlines plans to operate their network throughout the world with more flights and to spread their customer satisfaction throughout the world.

Italian Immigration and the United States of America Essay -- American

Italian Immigration and the United States of America Today we live in a world of which some have come to understand where it all came from. So many different little contributions have accumulated over the years to create â€Å"today† in the United States of America. Not one factor is more important than the next, however, some have had a larger, lasting impact today. Immigration and racial discrimination have played the most important role as to why American society has altered. In 1917 America entered World War one. By doing this America played a grave role in conquering Germany and ushering peace to Europe. However, the Great War also meant that the US would change dramatically through historical issues and changes which resulted in American society. Industries had started to realize that it was not as simple as it was before to abstract the immigrants. As the country developed and became more successful it attracted outsiders who were searching for chances. During the 1920’s the United States began to confine immigrant s due to cultural and economical purposes. The immigrants faced several afflictions such as: racism and religious oppression. The examination of immigration expressed an important shift in American society after WWI. In this essay I am going to discuss how world war one altered the American society with the main influence of race. The main issues being immigration, and racial discrimination. The Italians serve as my main example. Could you put yourself in the shoes or another if they didn’t cost as much as the ones on your feet? Imagine if you are an immigrant and you have entered a bizarre and new environment. You do not belong anywhere and to this place you are not given the same privileges as the other people. These people see you as an alien and someone who takes away their jobs. As well as this you are also accused and blamed for things that you have never done. No matter how much you beg, or convince them that you have not done anything they still do not believe you. This society is against you and have nothing positive to say. This is what the immigrants had to face. This was particularly true for the Italians. During the nineteenth century the amount of immigration to the united states was increasing rapidly. The largest proportion of these â€Å"new† immigrants were from Italy, Russia, and Ireland. There was a combined reac... ...which have been learned and developed from the Americans. At first the behavior and reactions of the American citizens towards the â€Å"foreigners† was pure hatred but then they started to realize that the immigrants were there for a purpose. Gradually they learned to accept them in the American society as time passed on through the 1920s. Works Cited Grant, Madison. (1999). The Passing of a Great Race. October 17, 2007. Hasall, P. (1999). US Immigration. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. October 18, 2004. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook28.html Claris, S. (1998). Italians Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America . October 17, 2004. Boston: Gale Research, Inc., 1995. http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Italian/italian.htm Mintz, S. (2003). Italian Immigration. Digital History. October 17, 2004. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/italian_immigration.cfm Poholek, Catherine H. (1998) Thirteen Years That Damaged America. Prohibition in the 1920s. October 18, 2004. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Troy/4399/ Newby, Richard. (2004) Sacco-Vanzetti Case. October 18, 2004. http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html

Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review

Dhobighat and Kahaani Film reviews [Student Name] [Course Title] [Course Supervisor] Film reviews Introduction: The Indian film industry has never been popular for its art films. Art films in Indian cinemas usually try to portray a particular aspect of the Indian culture and norm. These movies avoid all the glitz and glamour normally found in Indian movies. No glitz or glamour usually restricts these movies to a low budget nor are these movies able to attract a large number of audience to the cinema.Directors that usually make such movies try to get a point across to the audience using the cinema screen to portray their view of a particular issue within the community. Dhobighat The movie starts off showing Arun (Amir Khan) moving into a shabby apartment in an old locality of Mumbai. The film depicts Arun as an artist who meets Shia (Monica Dogra) an American investment banker at one of his exhibitions. The two fall for each other and end up spending the night together.Shai expects A run would commit to their new found relationship but instead Arun makes it clear that he is not interested in a long term relationship and their night together was nothing more than a one night stand. Shai angry at Arun’s attitude leaves the apartment (Gurbaxani, 2011). This scene depicts a cultural trend that has greatly influenced the modern Indian society. Indian women are known to be conservative. They are forbidden to have premarital sexual relationships. However influenced by western culture, more and more Indian women have been engaging in premarital sex (Dhawan & Kurup, 2006).Spending the night with Arun highlights the western influence that has been a part of the Indian society for quite some time now. Whereas getting angry at Arun for his lack of commitment portrays the conservative Indian side that has been a tradition with in the Indian society. Munna (Prateik Babbar) is the laundry boy for Shai and Arun. Munna aspires to become a famous actor. Munna has a brother who has links to the underworld and his brother tries to use his links within the industry to try and get Munna a break even though Munna is against his brothers activities.Later on in the movie Munna’s brother is murdered probably because of his ties to the underworld (Gurbaxani, 2011). The movie in this scene highlights the underworld influence that has made its way to the Indian film industry. There have been many instances and incidents where mob bosses from the Indian underworld have funded and backed various producers. Anyone who has refused to work in mob backed movies has received threats and sometimes even been targeted by the underworld. Initially the mob bosses were just like any other fans of bollywood superstars.However all that changed when one of these mobsters started financing movies of an actress he fancied. Soon the rest of the underworld got on the idea. Refusal of banks to invest in Indian cinema forced the producers to accept offerings made by the mob b osses (Corliss, 2002). Munna arrives at Shai’s apartment to collect her laundry and the two soon become good friends. Munna offers to become her guide and in return Shai promises she would prepare a portfolio for Munna which he plans to send out to various producers. Munna soon starts developing feelings for Shai but is unable to express his feelings for her (Gurbaxani, 2011).India has been a country where people have been divided into different castes and creeds. From ancient times the caste system has defined the social, financial and economic lives of the Indian people. Marriage of an individual is limited to his or her caste, castes are defined by birth and a person’s caste decides the job that person is best suited for (Callaham & Pavich, 2011). The movie cites Munna’s lower caste and the difference of financial status as the main reasons as to why he doesn’t confess his fee lings to Shai. Meanwhile Shai gets obsessed wit Arun and starts stalking him .The building opposite to Arun’s apartment is under construction and the builder happens to be Shai’s father. Taking advantage of this fact Shai uses the building as a means to take Arun’s pictures without his knowledge. Arun on the other hand has his mind set on the tapes that belonged to the previous tenant of the house. The tapes contain messages from a woman named Yasmin (Kriti Malhotra) to her brother. Arun watches those tapes and soon starts drawing inspiration from them (Gurbaxani, 2011). It is normal for artists to draw inspiration from daily objects.Different artists gain inspiration from different day to day objects and people. These inspirations can be from friends, family or even a song they like (Barnett, 2012). The movie cites the tapes by Yasmin as a means of inspiration for Arun’s work. To make a living and promote his dream of becoming a movie star Munna works as a laundrier by day and kills rats for different localities by night time. On ce while taking some pictures Shai comes across Munna while he is on his night job working as an exterminator. Shai takes his picture while Munna is working. Angry and confused Munna makes a run for it.Arun watches the last video left by Yasmin in which she confesses that her husband is in fact having an affair and shows signs that she would probably kill herself. Feeling frustrated Arun leaves the apartment for good. Shai gets hold of Munna and asks him for Arun’s new address. Initially Munna hesitates and lies about not knowing the where abouts of Arun but eventually gives her Arun’s new address (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film depicts Yasmin as the narrator and uses her experiences of Mumbai to portray the famous landmarks of the city in a completely new perspective.The narration of Yasmin’s experiences gives Dhobighat the shape of a love letter written to the city of Mumbai. The movie uses various situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental diff erences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai. An example is a scene from the movie in which Shai wants to conduct Munna’s photo shoot outside the studio. However Munna being a native of Mumbai does not find the sights and sceneries of Mumbai as fascinating as Shai does (Gurbaxani, 2011). Normally Bollywood films are very expensive and can cost up to $20 million (The Economist, 2000).Up until the 1990s the sets, costumes and special effects used were mediocre in quality. The popularity of Hollywood movies in India forced the directors and producers to improve the quality of their movies (The Economist, 2000). However Dhobighat cost a mere $1. 8 million a fact that astonished and amazed majority of Indian and international film critics (Pillai, 2010). Indian filmmakers find that shooting in foreign countries draws the public to the cinema. Various foreign locations have been used in the past to make the movie more appealing to the masses.Either film makers choose foreign locations to get away from the crowd or they argue that it is the need of the script that makes them choose those foreign locations. Incentives given to the indian film industry by the government also attracts various film makers towards the idea of shooting at foreign locations (Trivedi, 2012). Dhobighat was produced using guerilla techniques in which multiple localities of Mumbai were used to make the movie. The director Kiran Rao didn’t use any kind of set at all. Kiran wanted to Dhobighat to be a tribute to the people of Mumbai (OutlookIndia. com, 2010).Most of the parts in the film were in English something that troubled Kiran and Amir Khan. Majority of indian population had a hard time understanding English a factor that most likely would have affected the film’s business. The production team decided to dub the English scenes in Hindi (Pillai, 2010). The distributor of the movie for United States and India was UTV. UTV a subsidiary of Walt Disney h as been one of the major distributors of Indian cinema and has been one of the prominent entities in bringing Indian cinema to the world. The last decade or so has been the turning point of the company.UTV took up movies that changed the way movies were made in Bollywood. A number of these movies were hits. Peepli live, Rang De Basanti and Brfi are examples of some of the great films that UTV Motion Pictures have worked on. Senior Vice President at UTV Motion Pictures U. S. A dubbed the movie as being different to what Indian movie fans are used to. He was also critical about the reception the movie was going to get. Despite the Academy Awards taking place on the same date UTV released the movie on 21st January 2011 in United States and India.The release date couldn’t be delayed because India was hosting the world cup and the film crew wanted to release the film on the same date to prevent the production of pirated copies. UTV gave preference to the Indian fans because the mo vie mainly targeted the Indian audience. UTV were encouraged after the Dhobighat got positive response at the Toronto and London film festivals (Sydney, 2011). Dhobighat was a success at the box office. Despite everyone’s expectations Dhobighat was liked by the Indian population raking in more than $2. 6 million in India.The film did fairly well in United States, United Kingdom and Dubai making more than $780000. Internationally the movie did quite well making a whopping $1. 6 million. The success of Dhobighat pleased the lead star and producer Amir Khan. Amir Khan further commented and dubbed the movie as a success because of the type of movie it was. Kahaani The movie starts at Kolkata metro rail where a gas attack takes place killing the passengers on board. Fast forward a few years a pregnant woman named Vidya Bagachi (Vidya Balan) arrives in Kolkata from London during a religious festival.Vidya is a software engineer who is searching for her missing husband. During her v isit to the local police station Vidya meets Satyaki Rana Sinha (Parambrata Chatterjee) a police officer who agrees to help Vidya in finding her husband. The two visit National Data Center where Vidya claims her husband worked (Dhaniwala, 2012). In India the police are usually considered incompetent and inefficient. They have frequently been criticized by the mass population for not taking their jobs seriously, accepting bribes and folding after being pressurized by top officials.However the movie shows Indian police in a positive light and in particular the character of Rana playing the role of a true police officer and helping Vidya in her quest to find her husband (Pagnamenta, 2013). At the NDC office Vidya and Rana are perplexed when human resource department at NDC deny having employed Vidya’s husband. However the head of the human resource department suggests that Vidya’s husband resembles a lot like an ex-employee, Milan Damji (Indraneil Sengupta). The head of t he HR department is murdered by a hitman named Bob Biswas (Saswata Chatterjee) before she could share Damji’s records with Vidya.Vidya and Rana break into the records of NDC to get more information on Damji. While searching for Damji’s records Vidya and Rana have a close encounter with Bob. The two barely escape with their lives. Vidya meets an intelligence bureau officer Khan (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) who is investigating the gas attack of Kolkata. Khan warns Vidya about the dangers of the case and informs her that Damji is wanted fugitive who is the prime suspect of the gas attacks. Khan advises Vidya to back off and leave Damjee to the police. However Vidya completely ignores Khan’s advice and visits the address stated on Damjee’s records (Dhaniwala, 2012).Indians believe that when a woman sets her mind to it she can achieve anything for the sake of her husband. These acts of courage by women originate from the story in Ramayana of a king named Dasaratha a nd his queen Kaikeyi who showed courage in the face of fear and saved her husband from imminent death. The movie depicts Vidya in the same manner as Kaikeyi who besides the fact being pregnant is willing to risk her life and the life of her child to find her husband and ensure his safety. Kahaani isn’t the first movie to depict such actions from Indian wives.Over the years there have been numerous films that have shown Indian wives going to great lengths to protect and obey their husbands (Murthy, 2001). Upon reaching the stated address Vidya and Rana meet an errand boy working at a small tea shop. The errand boy recognizes Damjee and gives Vidya the name of R. Sridhar an officer of NDC who frequently visited Damjee during his stay at the apartment. Bob on the instructions of Sridhar makes an attempt on Vidya’s life but dies in the process. The examination of Bob’s phone gives Vidya and Rana an IP address.Vidya confronts Sridhar at his office. A scuffle breaks o ur between the two and Vidya eventually ends up shooting Sridhar. The death of Sridhar angers Khan who wanted Sridhar for questioning. Vidya procures a phone number from Sridhar’s computer and dials it. It is revealed that the number belongs to Bhaskaran K. (Dhritiman Chaterji) an Investigation Bureau officer and Khan’s superior. Vidya informs Bhaskaran that she has some sensitive documents left behind by Sridhar and threatens him that if he does not cooperate she could use those documents to send him to jail.Bhaskaran tells Vidya straight up that he is not associated with any of this. However a few minutes later Vidya receives a call asking for the documents in return for the safety of her husband (Dhaniwala, 2012). Suspecting the call was from Damji Vidya agrees to meet the caller at the place of his choice with Khan and Rana on her trail. The caller turns out to be Damji and during their talks Damjee attacks Vidya. Damji menacingly points his gun at Vidya who uses h er prosthetic abdomen; she was using to fake her pregnancy, to knock the gun out of his hand.Vidya kills Damji and flees the scene. It is later revealed that Vidya was in fact Arup Basu’s (Abir Chatterji) wife. Arup was killed in the gas attack and she had returned to India to seek revenge of her husband’s death (Dhaniwala, 2012). Again Kahaani isn’t the first movie where women have been shown seeking revenge for themselves or for the death of someone they loved. Bandit Queen is an example of such a movie where a poor woman who is raped and abused by high caste men in her village. She joins a gang of bandits and seeks revenge upon all who did her wrong.Another story is that of ek haseena thi where a man takes advantage of a simple woman and frames her for drug possession. Upon her release from prison she sets out t find the man who framed her to seek her revenge (rain singer, 2011). The film director and the co-writer of the script Ghosh had trouble finding prod ucers for Kahaani. His film Aladdin was a flop despite having a star studded cast and the producers were reluctant in investing in his future ventures. The idea of a pregnant woman as the lead actress and small time actors in supporting roles were also factors that discouraged the producers from financing the movie.The low cast of shooting in Kolkata and the small budget attracted Ghosh to the idea of shooting the movie in Kolkata (Zee news, 2012). The script writer Adviata Kala did some extensive research for the film. She based most of the story on her personal experience of the city when she was searching for her boyfriend. She stated that even though there was a difference in the culture and the language barrier existed the people were very hospitable and welcoming something that can be seen in the movie (Mitra, 2012). To prepare for her role Vidya Balan visited a doctor to consult about the prosthetic belly.Vidya also consulted her doctor of how a pregnant woman was to act and how what troubles would a pregnant woman normally face. Vidya claimed that she used to portray as a pregnant woman in her college days which helped her out in her out in the film (zee news, 2012). Like Kiran Roa Ghosh used the technique of guerilla filming for his movie. The director admitted that guerilla shooting in the busy city of Kolkata during the festival was not easy. Frequently the participants of the festival stare directly into the camera or in the faces of the actors (Movie Talkies, 2012).Ghosh shot different localities of Kolkata without the public’s knowledge. Ghosh thought it would be easier to shoot without any hassle brought on by the crowd and without the need of crowd control. The shooting of the film and of Durga Pooja festival was completed in 64 days. Ghosh wanted the character of Bob to be of a hitman that would easily blend into the crowd. Ghosh briefed Chatterjee over his role and told him to portray Bob as being polite. To make the character seem mor e believable Ghosh gave him a bald patch and advised Chatterjee to frequently rub his nails, as Indians believe rubbing ones nails prevents hair loss.Bobs character received remarkable praise from the critics and from the viewers. His famous one liner from the film became hit on the internet with individuals quoting him on different social networking websites. The young generation of India was really impressed by Bob and some of them even approached Ghosh with the idea of a graphic novel based on Bob. It is also rumored that some one has approached Ghosh with the idea of a television series based on the life of Bob (Mukherjee, 2012). The main distributors of Kahaani were Viacom 18 Motion Pictures.Viacom 18 Motion Pictures has been around for quite some time now dealing with Indian movies. Some of the famous movies that have done business with Viacom are Players, Son of sardar and Tanu weds Manu. The movie was a success at the box office. Initially during the first week the movie exp erienced a poor response. The film made $370000 in the province of Bengal in the time span of three days and during that time the seat occupancy rose from 47% on the first day to 94% on the third. The movie generated $4. 4 million in the first week passing its production cost of $1. million. By the end of the second week the movie made up to $7. 9 million in India alone. Box office India dubbed the movie a super hit just after two weeks (Box office India, 2012). Oversees the movie did reasonably well being able to generate the revenue of $1. 5 million from United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Hindustan times estimated that Kahaani had generated $19 million world wide within 50 days of its release (First Post, 2012). Kahaani’s success brought on a new trend among Bollywood producers and directors.Kolkata became a favorite location for the industry. The use of Kolkata as an opening scene was completely different from traditional Bollywoo d movies that had been using Mumbai and Delhi as their prime locations for shooting. The city’s colonial buildings and the hand rickshaws all added to the magnificent scenario that was presented by Ghosh in the movie. The release of the movie also had a significant impact on the tourism in Kolkata. In particular the guest house used by Vidya in the movie has attracted a lot of tourists (OneIndia. com, 2012).Ghosh plans to produce a sequel for Kahaani and use Vidya Balan as his lead actress in the same recurring role. The shooting of Kahaani 2 is to take place in 2013. The film industry has already seen the making of Kahaani in Tamil and Telegue. Conclusion The success of low budget art movies like Dhobighat and Kahaani shows a change in the trend that has been found amongst the Indian viewers. Viewers have now grown tired of all the love stories and senseless action movies that has been the recipe for a successful Bollywood movie. The viewers now want to watch movies that hav e a strong plot and have good stories.The success of Kahaani and Dhobighat despite their unknown actors is proof that indian viewers want to watch movies with a good plot. Expensive movies such as Agent Vinod and Rush are proof that a big budget and a star studded cast does not guarantee the success of a movie. Using real locations instead of expensive sets is another factor that separates Kahaani and Dhobighat from other movies. Instead of using foreign locations these movies opted to use popular areas of Indian cities to shoot their movies significantly reducing the budget needed for the movies.Art movies in the past decade or so have generated a great deal of revenue not only in India but overseas as well. List of References Barnett, L. , 2012. Top artists reveal how to find creative inspiration. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/culture/2012/jan/02/top-artists-creative-inspiration [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Box office India, 2012. Agent Vinod Average Opening Kaha ani Extraordinary Week Two. [Online] Available at: http://boxofficeindia. com/boxdetail. php? page=shownews&articleid=4192&nCat= [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Callaham, T. amp; Pavich, R. , 2011. Indian caste system. [Online] Available at: http://www. csuchico. edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india. htm [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Corliss, R. , 2002. Married to the Mob. [Online] Available at: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,361780,00. html [Accessed 9 April 2013]. Dhaniwala, M. , 2012. Kahaani Review. [Online] Available at: http://www. koimoi. com/reviews/kahaani-review/ [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Dhawan, H. & Kurup, S. , 2006. Pre-marital sex: Girls like to keep mum. [Online] Available at: http://articles. timesofindia. ndiatimes. com/2006-10-24/india/27785487_1_report-sexual-debut-indian-women [Accessed 8 April 2013]. First Post, 2012. Kahaani: What’s the story behind the numbers? [Online] Available at: http://www. firstpost. com/bollywood/kahaani-whats-the- story-behind-the-numbers-253056. html [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Gurbaxani, A. , 2011. ‘Dhobi Ghat’ Is A Sparkling Debut. [Online] Available at: http://mumbaiboss. com/2011/01/21/%E2%80%98dhobi-ghat%E2%80%99-is-a-sparkling-debut/ [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Mitra, I. , 2012. Vidya's journey was my own: Advaita Kala. [Online] Available at:

How to Write a Research Essay in Marketing

How to Write a Research Essay in Marketing If you study marketing as a part of your college course then you understand the importance of accomplishing an accurately researched essay in marketing. Marketing can be the key to product adoption success or market advantage. You should research the key marketing attributes as the right way for deploying the marketing strategy. Some part of your research essay writing would be based on deciding what aspects of marketing are crucial for the research, the company chosen for the research and the product characteristics. Together with the investigating the marketing issue and subsequent questions with potential sources, it is also crucial to know how to actually write this kind of academic assignment. The point is that your research can simply get lost in the text that is not clear or fails to communicate the findings. What you have to keep in mind when writing a research essay in marketing is that there is more than just writing a beginning, middle and conclusion. The truth is that this paper is about expressing your research findings precisely and with the intellect required to engaged the readers. For a marketing research essay to be successful you have to take the right steps. In case of marketing essays, it’s better to start with a logical framework created from past specialists. Here, you will want to study the chosen products or company in order to understand the market position. Feel free to apply the well-known theories of Philip Kotler and Michael Porter in order to gain a perspective on the chosen topic and support your ideas with trustworthy facts. Choosing a Topics Writing Research Essays in Marketing To write the research essay in marketing, it is important for you to understand the basic purpose of this subject. To put it simply, marketing is a field of study that is focused on analyzing a range of market segments concerning their potential financial profit. Just like the other college research essays, a good one in marketing begins with choosing a compelling topic. In other words, it’s time to decide what aspect of marketing you’re going to discuss in your paper. However, you need to keep in mind that no matter how compelling the chosen topic is, it won’t do you any good if you don’t support it with factual data and stats. This in turn means that you have to do a lot of researching and then narrow your topic down. As a marketing student, you have an access to many different resources such as internet, your college library that help you to come up with a good research idea. Nonetheless, the thought of creating the research essay may be pretty daunting, especially if you’re still at the brainstorming level and have no idea what to write about. Just like in case with any other writing, begin by thinking about your audience. Then, create a 1-2-3 list of research essay topics that are most interesting to you, as well as the topics that you know will intrigue your readers. However, if you are still struggling to choose one topic out of the many available options, we’re here to provide some topics that you may pin down one from. Digital Marketing Digital marketing is about any type of marketing strategies that happen on the web. It is also referred to as online marketing that includes many different forms like email, search engine and ad marketing. Here are the potential topics in this area: The Future Challenges of Online Advertising Strategies; Behavioral Targeting as the Key Method to Attract Online Customers; Click Fraud as One of the Biggest Problems Online Advertisers Face Today; Dynamic Advertising as the Number One Method to Develop Personalized and Relevant Ad. Trade Marketing Trade marketing (B2B marketing) usually includes various promotional activities that are created to improve demands of selected services and products among different supply chain partners. In other words, trade marketing is not just targeting customers. It is also targeting wholesalers, retailers and distributors. The Key Lessons and Challenges of Trade Marketing Today; Potential Sales Opportunities in a Market for Modern Distributors; Techniques that Make Product Affect Everyone in the Supply Chain; How to Make Product More Appealing To Retailers? International Marketing International marketing is used in order to market services and products simultaneously in different countries all over the globe. Shelf Spacing Competition: A Comparative Analysis of International and Local Brand; How the US Marketing Affects the Other Countries; The US Digital Consumer: Nuances and Opportunities for Brands; Cultural Targeting in the Field of International Marketing. Geographical Marketing Geographical marketing is concentrated on integrating geographical intelligence into the company’s campaigns. This kind of marketing is important because collecting data and using figures and facts based on this or that location increases the chances of the marketing campaign’s success. The Influence of the Geographic Location of the Customer; Why Geography Matters in Marketing; The Role of Geographic Data Localization in Seizing New Business Opportunities; Globalization as a Method to Communicate More Effectively with Customers. Others The Concept of Attractiveness in Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model; Brand Attributes That Lead to an Increase in Customer Loyalty; Understanding Customer Perceptions Around Event Sponsorships; Marketing Challenges Related to Evolving Family Structures. Now again, you have to keep in mind that a research essay in marketing is still an essay. This means that this paper has to be created in an engaging way. No matter how crucial it is to use trustworthy data and stats for this essay, writing skills are vital as well. Create an Outline Write the Essay on Its Basis Once you are done with the marketing thesis, the next step includes not only brainstorming but writing down an outline with brief notes for every section as logical means to prove your thesis. Clearly, marketing research essay’s outline would first have information on the expert framework, and after that how it is applied in the real-life situations. From this point, presenting concrete and specific examples is always desirable to follow up the thesis statement, a way of debating the main idea for your study. The basic outline for the essay about ‘Advantages Disadvantages of Marketing Principles’ is going to look like this: Introduction Mention the theories that will be covered such as market segmentation, marketing, targeting and positioning, ambush marketing, 4Ps, PESTEL analysis, Porters’ five forces, buzz marketing, Ansoffs matrix, and micro-environment factors. The Body: 4Ps Ambush Marketing Buzz Marketing Ansoffs’ Matrix Macro Environment Marketing (Includes PESTEL and Porters Five Forces) Micro Environment Marketing Conclusion Mention there are many different methods that a company can utilize in order to successfully analyze the market. Bibliography Some of the resources include Ansoff, I., 1957. Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35(5), pp. 113-124.; Ansoff, I., 1965. Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw Hill.) Without a doubt, you know how important a good introduction for a research essay is. How many times have you already grappled with how to begin a research essay? The reality is that a research essay in marketing (or any other subject) should have an attention-grabbing introduction that not only summarizes what the project is about but also grips your readers and creates interest in your topic. By approaching the essay research in marketing as something that is important to your readers and the other members of the community you will be able to start your essay properly. At the same time, you have to remain logical and communicate the step-by-step means of how you approach your argument. Thus, the text of your essay will come naturally. In other words, if the research essay introduction does an effective job, it will become a roadmap for your assignment. The body of the research essay in marketing is the most important and the longest part of the project. You, as the author, have to check your outline and cover it with the relevant information. Allow the body of your essay to reflect all of your findings as specifically as you possibly can. If you write the research essay on â€Å"Tapplock Diversity Strategy†, use your body to tell your readers that according to the findings of your research, â€Å"the most suitable target market for Tapplock to boost sales by 40% at the end of 2019 is targeting on construction employees in the United States who need easy adaptor, convenience and high security biometric functions to protect the tool of greater value†. The concluding part of the research essay in marketing is a must have because you have to use it to wrap your findings up. What is more, it is important to use the conclusion to ask the questions that may remain. If, for example, you work on the research essay titled ‘Snapchat in Small Businesses’ Growth’, let your readers know what you have learned from the research. What kind of challenges Snapchat is going to face? Does it serve as a perfect basis for the modern business? What can the owners of Snapchat expect from the future? Feel free to provide recommendations or reflections before the conclusion in order to wind down the essay. This will help you to communicate the concluding thought more efficiently. Mind the Academic Format A research essay in marketing has to be built according to the rules of academic writing, and appropriate formatting is an important part of it. College professors will definitely specify what format you have to follow – Chicago, MLA, APA or anything else. In case your professor doesn’t give you any specific requests, you have an opportunity to choose the formatting style that you work with easily and can stay consistent in the process. There are three main styles that students use to format the research essays properly, referred to as Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), MLA and APA. MLA style. The Modern Language Association could be an option for those who study the Humanities. In other words, theatre majors, English students and artists are well familiar with this style. APA style. The American Psychological Association to be precise. This is the number one choice when it comes to social sciences. Thus, if you’re a student of the biology, medicine, sociology, social work or psychology course, consider using APA style. Chicago style. Chicago formatting style is preferred by the humanities’ students, particularly the ones who study literature or some advanced segments of history and the arts. If you think that at this stage your research essay is over, it’s just the beginning. The revision part is very important because it enables you to think about your research and the findings once again and maybe return to exploring the topic. Who knows, maybe at this level you will face new ideas and find out that you have actually missed something important that needs further elaboration. As for the editing, things are going a completely different way. Editing is about checking the language usage, finding out if every word, phrase or sentence makes sense. As a rule, when you edit you have to read the text out loud in order to detect all mistakes. At the editing level you have to ask your friend or anyone, who can boast of professional writing skills, to read your paper and honestly tell your what is wrong with it. Use their feedback to fix all mistakes and make your final draft perfect for your professor’s requirements. This is pretty much everything that a college student needs to know to write a research essay in marketing.

Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals

Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals Chemistry is mostly the study of electron interactions between atoms and molecules. Understanding the behavior of the electrons in an atom is an important part of understanding chemical reactions. Early atomic theories used the idea that an atoms electron followed the same rules as a mini solar system where the planets were electrons orbiting a center proton sun. Electric attractive forces are much stronger than gravitational forces, but follow the same basic inverse square rules for distance. Early observations showed the electrons were moving more like a cloud surrounding the nucleus rather than an individual planet. The shape of the cloud, or orbital, depended on the amount of energy, angular momentum and magnetic moment of the individual electron. The properties of an atoms electron configuration are described by four quantum numbers: n, â„“, m, and s. First Quantum Number The first is the energy level quantum number, n. In an orbit, lower energy orbits are close to the source of attraction. The more energy you give a body in orbit, the further out it goes. If you give the body enough energy, it will leave the system entirely. The same is true for an electron orbital. Higher values of n mean more energy for the electron and the corresponding radius of the electron cloud or orbital is further away from the nucleus. Values of n start at 1 and go up by integer amounts. The higher the value of n, the closer the corresponding energy levels are to each other. If enough energy is added to the electron, it will leave the atom and leave a positive ion behind. Second Quantum Number The second quantum number is the angular quantum number, â„“. Each value of n has multiple values of â„“ ranging in values from 0 to (n-1).This quantum number determines the shape of the electron cloud. In chemistry, there are names for each value of â„“. The first value, â„“ 0 called an s orbital. s orbitals are spherical, centered on the nucleus. The second, â„“ 1 is called a p orbital. p orbitals are usually polar and form a teardrop petal shape with the point towards the nucleus. â„“ 2 orbital is called a d orbital. These orbitals are similar to the p orbital shape, but with more petals like a cloverleaf. They can also have ring shapes around the base of the petals. The next orbital, â„“3 is called an f orbital. These orbitals tend to look similar to d orbitals, but with even more petals. Higher values of â„“ have names that follow in alphabetical order. Third Quantum Number The third quantum number is the magnetic quantum number, m. These numbers were first discovered in spectroscopy when the gaseous elements were exposed to a magnetic field. The spectral line corresponding to a particular orbit would split into multiple lines when a magnetic field would be introduced across the gas. The number of split lines would be related to the angular quantum number. This relationship shows for every value of â„“, a corresponding set of values of m ranging from -â„“ to â„“ is found. This number determines the orbitals orientation in space. For example, p orbitals correspond to â„“1, can have m values of -1,0,1. This would represent three different orientations in space for the twin petals of the p orbital shape. They are usually defined to be px, py, pz to represent the axes they align with. Fourth Quantum Number The fourth quantum number is the spin quantum number, s. There are only two values for s,  ½ and - ½. These are also referred to as spin up and spin down. This number is used to explain the behavior of individual electrons as if they were spinning in a clockwise or counterclockwise. The important part to orbitals is the fact that each value of m has two electrons and needed a way to distinguish them from one another. Relating Quantum Numbers to Electron Orbitals These four numbers, n, â„“, m, and s can be used to describe an electron in a stable atom. Each electrons quantum numbers are unique and cannot be shared by another electron in that atom. This property is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle. A stable atom has as many electrons as it does protons. The rules the electrons follow to orient themselves around their atom are simple once the rules governing the quantum numbers are understood. For Review n can have whole number values: 1, 2, 3, ...For every value of n, â„“ can have integer values from 0 to (n-1)m can have any whole number value, including zero, from -â„“ to â„“s can be either  ½ or - ½

Acitivating creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Acitivating creativity - Essay Example Sadly though, not all people will go about this process in the same manner and with the same level of success and experience. In Rossman’s creativity model (1931), evidence of the different levels of activities and tasks involved in the activation of creativity is showed in a manner that depicts that there are as many as seven different processes that needs to be considered in a typical creative thinking process. The rate of success associated with each process determines that overall success with the activation of creativity. From his model, the processes are given as observation of a need or difficulty, analysis of the need, a survey of all available information, a formulation of all objective solutions, a critical analysis of solutions, the birth of the new idea (invention), and experimentation to test out the most promising solution (Rossman, 1931). Similarly, Wallas (1926) touches on a creativity process in a manner that gives an indication that creativity is not an event that takes place in a one off moment but undergoes the achievement of a series of tasks, which comes together to be collectively known as the creativity process. He though gives the process as indicated below. Through the outline above, seven major tasks will have to be completed including orientation, preparation, analysis, ideation, incubation, synthesis and evaluation. It is based on the foundations of these two major models that four series of assessments were carried out and presented in the following journal. With a different task to fulfil in each of the assessments, the various creativity processes that went into the fulfilment of each of the tasks have been completed below. Assessment 1 Assignment 1 was on conceptual photography and involved the taking of a photograph that was used in depicting more than what was seen in the image of the picture. That is to say that, conceptual photographs are used to express generalised concepts of events and process that take place and h appen all around us (Keller-Mathers, 2004). To accomplish this task, a picture of two people running a change of baton race was taken. The concept that was being examined in the photograph was the symbolism of the power of two. It is said in a Chinese proverb that if two people carry a single load, it does not hurt. What this means is that it always pays off to have a helping hand in any project or activity that a person is undertaking. It is not surprising that it is said in an England parable that two heads are better than one. When two people team up to accomplish a common task, there is much effectiveness and efficiency (Grivas, 1996). This is because there is the sharing of ideas and thoughts in a manner that makes exchanges of knowledge rapid and forthcoming. Studying the picture critically, it would be noted that a total of 400 meters was supposed to be completed in the race. Meanwhile, due to the limitation of the human ability in running such a distance, it would be difficu lt for any person to end the 400 meter race with the same level of speed that was started. But in completing a 100 meter race by the same person, the tendency to maintain the start up speed or even improve on it is higher. To this end, instead of allowing one person to do the entire 400 meters, four people team up to run 100 meters each. As a proof of the fact that team spirit brings results, the finishing time in the change of baton is better than when one person alone run the entire 400 meters. Assessment 2 Assignment 2 was carried out by the use of divergent thinking. That is, there was the use of exploration of many different possible solutions (Gonzalez, 2003). In essence, the resolve for a

Learning to critique by critiquing critiques Essay

Learning to critique by critiquing critiques - Essay Example This author brings out her illustrations through a destruction, which took place at the Murrah Federal Building. It is after this devastating event that several developments taka place in the architectural field in the city. Krinke employs significant use of symbols for the purpose of communicating some of her ideas. For instance, she elaborates the elements that are associated with a sacred space. There is a lot of symbolism, which is applied for the purpose of bringing to light what the elements represent. The stone is the first element that is used. The stone elements in the city are tailored to serve as permanent markers for a given phenomenon. This is majorly due to the durability, which is associated with them. For example, on the concrete floor of the Murrah Building there are names of those individuals who survived the ordeal. Near the epicenter of the pool, there has been a development of a reflective pool. The changes that take place in the atmosphere are noted or brought out by the water. This also represents the changes, which took place at the city after the blast. The trees represent the ability of an entity to remain unscathed in the course of its existence. The tree, which stands out in the city, is the Survivor Tree. This tree is a representation of the survival and endurance, which has characterized the city together with its inhabitants through the years since the explosion. Krinkle significantly applies the approach, which entails imagery and symbolism. This elaborates the significant developments, which have been taking place. The imagery and symbols also point out that the explosion seems to have had a significant effect on the residents of the town. The approach, which is taken by Melcher in her article, is one, which is rather critical of the happenings in the city. For example, she points out that the names, which are embossed on the wall, may not be significant to a person

Analysis of Service Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Service Learning - Essay Example Habitat for Humanity is a project provided by the non-profit store that creates additional funding to help people who need support in housing purposes. The project was conducted on April 28, 2015, from 1.00 PM to 6.00 pm at the Lynnwood branch and I was a member of the project’s staff. Hence, I helped to tag prices on the incoming items and cleaned the floor in the store. I worked with few people who were great supporters of the project and believed in its success and utility for the society in general and for Snohomish County in particular. I’ve got a lot of experiences concerning trading and teamwork. First of all, I’ve realized that teamwork is a complicated kind communication that requires a lot of patience and ability to conform to other people who one works with. Also, dealing with customers, sometimes I had to be nice and appreciate the position of each and every one of them, so basically I had to understand their needs and the conditions they lived in. Th ough I’ve managed to observe how various are people’s cultural backgrounds, lifestyles, customs, and traditions. It was a great experience that will encourage my further learning of different cultures presented in the United States. The experience I’ve got is definitely closely related to anthropology as I dealt with various kinds of interpersonal communication and integration into multiple forms of American culture. For instance, working with people of various lifestyles and cultural backgrounds made me realize the factors that affect the development of people’s personalities’ and such things as social adaptation, preferences, and even their styles of communication between each other. Hence, exploring different items, both donated and purchased, has made me take a look at people’s various lifestyles and cultures; I also learned how people’s home appliances are related to their social status or striving to get one.

Reflective Writing on Marketing Essay Example for Free

Reflective Writing on Marketing Essay During your time at university you will spend a lot of your time thinking – thinking about what people have said, your reading, your own thinking and how your thinking has changed. The thinking process involves two aspects: reflective thinking and critical thinking. Rather than being two separate processes they are closely connected. (Brookfield 1987) Reflective thinking Reflection is a form of personal response to experiences, situations, events or new information. It is a ‘processing’ phase where thinking and learning take place. There is neither a right nor wrong way of reflective thinking; there are just questions to explore. The reflective thinking process starts with you. Before you can begin to assess the words and ideas of others, you need to pause and identify and examine your own thoughts. This involves revisiting your prior experience and knowledge of the topic you are exploring. It also involves considering how and why you think the way you do. The examination of your beliefs, values, attitudes and assumptions forms the foundation of your understanding. Reflective thinking demands that you recognise that you bring valuable knowledge to every experience. It helps you therefore to recognise and clarify the important connections between what you already know and what you are learning. It is a way of helping you to become an active, aware and critical learner. What is Reflective writing? Reflective writing is: * Your response to experiences, opinions, events or new information * Your response to thoughts and feelings * A way of thinking to explore your learning * An opportunity to gain self-knowledge * A way to achieve clarity and better understanding of what you are learning * A chance to develop and reinforce writing skills * A way of making meaning out of what you study Reflective writing is not: * Just conveying information, instruction or argument * Pure description, though there may be descriptive elements * Straightforward decision or judgement (e.g. about whether something is right or wrong, good or bad) * Simple problem-solving * A summary of unit notes * A standard university essay Why you are asked to do this type of assignment * To make connections The idea behind reflective writing is that what you learn at university builds on your prior knowledge, whether it is formal (education) or informal (gained through experience). Reflective writing helps you develop and clarify the connections between what you already know and what you are learning, between theory and practice and between what you are doing and how and why you do it. * To examine your learning processes Reflective writing encourages you to consider and comment on your learning experiences – not only WHAT you’ve learned, but HOW you did so. * To clarify what you are learning Reflecting helps you to clarify what you have studied, integrate new knowledge with previous knowledge, and identify the questions you have and what you have yet to learn. * To reflect on mistakes and successes Reflecting on mistakes can help you avoid repeating them. At the same time, reflecting on your discoveries helps identify successful principles to use again. * To become an active and aware learner * To become a reflective practitioner once you graduate and begin your professional life How to write reflectively What to discuss * Your perceptions of the course and the content. * Experiences, ideas and observations you have had, and how they relate to the course or topic. * What you found confusing, inspiring, difficult, interesting and why. * Questions you have and conclusions you have drawn. * How you solved a problem, reached a conclusion, found an answer or reached a point of understanding. * Possibilities, speculations, hypotheses or solutions. * Alternative interpretations or different perspectives on what you have read or done in your course. * How new ideas challenge what you already know. * What you need to explore next in terms of thoughts and actions. * Comparisons and connections between what you are learning and: * Your prior knowledge and experience; * Your prior assumptions and preconceptions; * What you know from other courses, units or disciplines. Writing style As it concerns your thoughts, reflective writing is mostly subjective. Therefore, in addition to being reflective and logical, you can be personal, hypothetical, critical and creative. You can comment based on your experience, rather than limiting yourself to academic evidence. * Reflective writing is an activity that includes description (what, when, who) and analysis (how, why, what if). It is an explorative tool often resulting in more questions than answers. * Use full sentences and complete paragraphs. * You can usually use personal pronouns like ‘I’, ‘my’ or ‘we’. * Keep colloquial language to a minimum (e.g. stuff, guys) * A reflective task may allow you to use different modes of writing and language: * Descriptive (outlining how something is or how something was done) * Explanatory (explaining why or how it is like that) * Expressive (I think, I feel, I believe) Tips for your reflective writing process 1. Think of interaction, event or episode you experienced that can be connected to the topic. 2. Describe what happened. 3. What was your role? 4. What feelings and perceptions surround the experience? 5. How would you explain the situation to someone else? 6. What might this experience mean in the context of your course? 7. What other perspectives, theories or concepts could be applied to the situation? References Brookfield, S 1987, Developing critical thinkers: challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting, Open University Press, Milton Keynes. Acknowledgement: The preceding material was adapted from The Learning Centre, The University of NSW. Used by permission. Additional notes: Steps for writing a reflective paper: 1.Start your self-reflection paper with an introductory paragraph. This introduction should help set the stage for the reader and should contain the main point of the paper. This would be a good paragraph in which to include information about how the subject and the material impacted your life, whether it reinforced your current views or caused you to change your way of thinking. 2.Write a paragraph or two about the impact the lecturer, classroom/tutorial discussions or the textbook material had on you during the course. Describe emotions you felt you felt or changes you experienced in your personal life due to the topic or the subject. If your opinions on different subjects changed due to these factors be sure to provide your previous opinion and explain why you changed your stance. If your opinions did not change, explain why. 3.Describe a moment during the class that was the most eye-opening for you. One example would be if during a lecture/tutorial the lecturer/tutor used a specific story or analogy to help explain the material that made the lesson really clear for you. Reflect on how you felt when you finally understood the lesson and how that lesson might have impacted the way you think. 4.Write a paragraph explaining how the information from the subject has impacted the way you will think, act and feel in the future long after the semester is over. You may want to include how this subject has changed how you approach other subjects in your degree or life in general. 5.Give feedback in your paper and share your opinions and ideas about how the subject can be improved. Share what you liked about the subject and what material helped you learn the most. Finish the paper by writing a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the paper. This is just one way of structuring reflective writing. Whichever approach to reflection you use try to bear in mind the following key points: * Reflection is an exploration and an explanation of events – not just a description of them. * Genuinely reflective writing often involves ‘revealing’ anxieties, errors and weaknesses, as well as strengths and successes. This is fine (in fact it’s often essential), as long as you show some understanding of possible causes, and explain how you plan to improve. * It is normally necessary to select just the most significant parts of the event or idea on which you are reflecting. If you try to tell ‘the whole story’ you will likely use up your words on description rather than interpretation. * It is often useful to ‘reflect forward’ to the future as well as ‘reflecting back’ on the past. Vocabulary aid (adapted from University of Portsmouth, Dept for Curriculum and Quality Enhancem ent) The following are just a few suggestions for words and phrases that might be useful in reflective writing. Obviously, using these words and phrases will not in itself make you a good reflective writer. 1.Description There is no suggestion of specific vocabulary for any descriptive elements of your reflective writing because the range of possible events, ideas or objects on which you may be reflecting on is so great. However, if you are describing an idea, for example a theory or model, it is usually best to use the present tense e.g. ‘Buyer behaviour theory recognises†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (not ‘recognised’). Events, of course, are nearly always described in the past tense. 2.Interpretation | | {aspect(s){elements(s){experience(s){issue(s)Idea(s)| Was (were)| For me, the [most]| {meaningful{significant{important{relevant{useful| | | | | learning| {arose from†¦{happened when†¦{resulted from†¦| Previously,}At the time,}At first}Initially,}Subsequently,}Later,}| I| {thought (did not think)†¦{felt (did not feel)†¦{knew (did not know)†¦{noticed (did not notice)†¦{questioned (did not question)†¦{realised (did not realise)†¦| | [Alternatively,][Equally,]| This| {might be{is perhaps{could be{is probably| {because of†¦{due to†¦{explained by†¦{related to†¦| | This| {is similar to†¦{is unlike†¦| because| | [Un]like†¦| this| {reveals†¦{demonstrates†¦| 3.Outcome Having| {read†¦{experienced†¦{applied†¦{discussed†¦{analysed†¦{learned†¦| I now| {feel†¦{think†¦{realise†¦{wonder†¦{question†¦{know†¦| | [Additionally,]}[Furthermore,]}[Most importantly,]}| I have learned that†¦| | I have significantly} slightly}However, I have not [sufficiently]}| {developed{improved| {my skills in†¦{my understanding of†¦{my knowledge of†¦{my ability to†¦| | | This means that†¦This makes me feel†¦| | | This knowledge {isThis understanding {could beThis skill {will be| {essential{important{useful| {to me as a learner [because†¦]{to me as a practitioner [because†¦]| | Because I| {did not†¦{have not yet†¦{am not yet certain about†¦{am not yet confident about†¦{do not yet know†¦{do not yet understand†¦| I will now need to†¦| | | As a next step, I need to†¦| | | More on Reflection What is reflection? A simple definition of reflection can be ‘consciously thinking about and analysing what you are doing and what you have done; thinking about what and how you have learnt. There is a lot of theory behind reflection that can be very complex. Most of the theory relates to seeing reflection as part of the cycle of learning (Figure 1). Initially students focus on knowledge, comprehension and application of subject matter. These three levels of learning are the easiest especially if the application is in a limited context e.g. worded problems from a text book. For higher levels of learning (application of knowledge in real world problems) you must be able to analyse, synthesise and evaluate as shown in Table 1. Reflection is a key part of moving into these higher levels of learning. Figure 1. Leaning cycle and examples of each phase Table 1 Six levels of learning Increasing Difficulty| Process| Explanation| | Knowledge| Recognition and recall of information and facts describing events| | Comprehension| Interprets, translates or summarises given information demonstrating understanding of events| | Application| Uses information in a situation different from original learning context -| | Analysis| Separates wholes into parts until relationships are clear – breaks down experiences| | Synthesis| Combines elements to form new entity from the original one draws on experience and other evidence to suggest new insights| | Evaluation| Involves acts of decision making, or judging based on criteria or rationale makes judgements about| Why reflect what are the benefits to the student? Learning is both an active and a reflective process. If you look at the learning cycle in Figure 1 you can see that reflection or thinking about what you have done and how and why you did it, form an integral part of learning. Because learning is often subconscious, we don’t realise that we have gained new knowledge or understanding until we stop to contemplate a particular activity. Reflection then, is a way for critical analysis, problem solving, synthesis of opposing ideas, evaluation, identifying patterns and creating meaning. Reflection will help you reach the higher levels of learning. Most students are focused on the lower levels of learning. â€Å"What do I have to know and demonstrate to pass the exam?† This is a very short-sighted approach to your time at university. You will not be able to remember all the facts and knowledge you have learnt in subjects unless you can fully understand, analyse and evaluate them. As you progress through your degree you will continually need information and knowledge from other subjects and this knowledge will build on previous knowledge. You must be able to attain the higher levels of learning in order to be successful in your degree and later in your professional life. Your learning and the need to learn will not stop with the end of your university degree. Most aspects of learning are common to all disciplines but sometimes there are different emphasises on certain learning skills. For example, generally speaking at university more emphasis is placed on the understanding of the methodology and the processes of problem solving. In this context, reflection will help you to detach yourself from the facts and put them into a larger context. Higher level courses at university as a business student bring a closer interaction between academic work and practical experience. Reflective practice here is critical in providing opportunities to identify areas for improvement and evaluation of the overall outcome including your decision making processes. Reflection can help bridge the gap between theory and practice and will enable you to understand your own thinking and learning. Another benefit is that it encourages you to look beyond your academic accomplishment and recognise the depth and range of other transferable skills. University is more than learning about facts and figures, it is a life experience. You will not learn everything that you need in your professional life at university. Your learning will be life long, so take some time to think about what skills you bring with you to university and what you learn along the way. How do I ‘reflect’? Reflection does not mean that you sit in the lotus position, humming meditative chants. Reflection can be active and need not take away from your ‘study time’. It is an important tool that can be used in all your university and professional work. Opportunities for reflection should occur before, during and after activities. That way you can take note of your learning starting point, assess your progress through the project and critically evaluate your learning at the end of the activity. Look critically at what you have done, what you’re team did and what the outcomes were. You need to ask yourself the why, how and what type of questions. Introducing Reflection Reflection is an important part of your learning whether you do it consciously or not. But what exactly is it? An excellent description of reflection can be found in the Harry Potter novel ‘ The Goblet of Fire’. In the paragraph below Dumbledore, the chief wizard and head teacher, is talking to Harry about having excess thoughts! ‘Harry stared at the stone basin. The contents had returned to their original, silvery white state, swirling and rippling beneath his gaze. â€Å"What is it?† Harry asked shakily. â€Å"This? It is called a Pensieve,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"I sometimes find, and I am sure you know the feeling, that I simply have too many thoughts and memories crammed into my mind.† â€Å"Err,† said Harry who couldn’t truthfully say that he had ever felt anything of the sort. â€Å"At these times† said Dumbledore, indicating the stone basin, â€Å"I use the Penseive. One simply siphons the excess thoughts from one’s mind, pours them into a basin, and examines them at one’s leisure. It becomes easier to spot patterns and links, you understand, when they are in this form.’ (Rowling 2000) During the semester and in your reflective writing we are asking you to think about the process you have been through, how these events affected your behaviour, to think about what you have learnt, and to evaluate your performance. By writing these things down it will give you the opportunity to clarify your thoughts and to spot the patterns and links. Reflective writing examples As an example, look at the following two critiques – one is a better example than the other! [King (2002) Development of Student Skills In Reflective Writing, p 16, http://www.csd.uwa.edu.au/iced2002/publication/Terry_King.pdf ] 1.I woke up late because my alarm didn’t ring. My own fault, but there you are. By the time I had finished my breakfast (my usual bowl of cornflakes, and a cup of black coffee with three sugars), I had missed my bus (that’s the number 9a, picked up at the bus stop outside Halfords), which had left on time (just for a change).So I got to University, and by the time I had found the right room, I was over 30 minutes late for the OOPR2 Exam. Unfortunately, the invigilator wouldn’t let me take the exam because it was â€Å"against University regulations†. Didn’t he realise how important it was for me to pass that exam? My overall grade depends on it, and now I stand to have a resit in September when I wanted to have my holiday in Ibiza.| 2.I was over 30 minutes late for my exam, which meant I was not allowed to sit it. This will have repercussions on my degree mark, and on my holiday plans. This is the first time I have actually missed an exam, but not t he first time I’ve actually been late to exams and important interviews. I have learned that:†¢ I need to improve my time-keeping for critical events†¢ The University has strict rules governing late arrivals at exams†¢ I need to be better preparedThe reasons that I arrived late were:†¢ My alarm clock didn’t ring because I forgot to reset its time after daylight saving on Saturday night (although I had reset all the other clocks in the house).†¢ I totally rely on the alarm clock ringing I have no back-up system†¢ I rely on my bus – a break down or it leaving early would also cause me to be late†¢ I did not know in which room the exam was; if I had, I would still have been a few minutes late, but at least I could have sat the exam.In order to improve the situation for next year, I plan to:†¢ Have a process to check all the clocks in the house when the clocks are due to change†¢ Make sure I have a back-up alarm system ( using my digital watch) for all days when it’s important to get up early†¢ On exam day, aim to catch the earlier bus †¦ its only 20 minutes earlier.†¢ Possibly consider missing breakfast, and buying a sandwich on the way from the bus to the exam room. I do believe that a good breakfast is important though!†¢ Make sure I know the correct room well in advance of the exam, by checking each room number when I first get the timetable.I suspect I need to reflect more on my priorities – this degree is really very important to me.|